汉代水衡都尉初探

水衡都尉是西汉武帝元鼎二年设置的主上林苑的重要职官。它掌管帝室财政但又独立于少府。到了东汉光武帝时期,由于在国家财政制度上的逐渐变化,水衡都尉并职于少府,权利逐渐被转移,此职便逐渐消失了。本文从水衡都尉的设置原因、演变过程、执掌、选官方面对这一官职进行初步探究。

秦汉历史变迁视域下宜春苑与上林苑隶属关系考辨

宜春苑和上林苑都始建于秦。历经秦亡汉兴的历史变迁,宜春苑未见有扩建的记载。而上林苑在西汉武帝时期有过大规模扩建。有学者认为扩建后的上林苑已将宜春苑包括在内。然而通过对上林苑的历史演变、"宜春禁丞"印归属考察、水衡都尉和禁圃官署职掌等的研究分析,我们认为扩建后的上林苑只是在范围上和宜春苑相接,可以作为一个整体禁苑来看待。上林苑有独立的管理机构,该机构与管理宜春苑等其他机构的官署隶属于共同的上层管理机关,因此不能从分官设职上说明宜春苑属于上林苑。宜春观与宜春宫苑始建时间不一,用途不同,且非一地,不能以宜春观所在地鄠县乃"上林故地"来逆推宜春苑也在上林苑内。

Thermodynamic model for equilibrium solubility of gibbsite in concentrated NaOH solutions

The thermodynamic properties of the most important NaOH-NaAI（OH）4-H20 system in Bayer process for alumina production were investigated. A theoretical model for calculating the equilibrium constant of gibbsite dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution was proposed. New Pitzer model parameters and mixing parameters for the system NaOH-NaAI（OH）4-H20 were yielded and tested in the temperature range of 298.15-373.15 K. The results show that the proposed model for calculating the equilibrium constant of gibbsite dissolution is applicable and accurate. The obtained Pitzer model parameters of β（0）（NaAl（OH）4）、β（1）（NaAl（OH）4）和CΦ（NaAl（OH）4）,Al（OH）4 for NaAI（OH）4, the binary mixing parameter of θ（OH-Al（OH）4-） with OH-, and the ternary mixing parameter of ψ（Na＋OH-Al（OH）4-） for AI（OH）4- with OH- and Na＋ are temperature-dependent. The prediction of the equilibrium solubility of gibbsite dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution was feasible in the temperature range of 298.15-373.15 K.

Study on the Water Balance in Three Dominant Plants with Simulated Precipitation Change in Maowusu Sandland

The distribution pattern and productivity of Maowusu sandland terrestrial ecosystem are greatly affected with the future severe global change, especially global precipitation change. Considering the predicative global precipitation change and the appropriate relevant strategy for the sustainable development of the China dry territory, the authors have investigated the response of water balance to global precipitation change by creating an artificial control of four levels of water supply treating 3 dominant plants in Mauwusu sandland. The results showed that the seasonal changes of water storage and moisture of different sandland layer depths were affected by different water supply treatments and different plants. The water storage of the three plant growing sandlands and the moisture of different sandland layer depths increased as water supply was increased. The moisture of different water supply treatments and plants increased with the increase of sandland layer depth. The water storage and moisture of the same layer depth of Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz. growing sandland were larger than that of Salix psammophila C. Wang et Ch. Y. Yang growing sandland, which were in turn higher than that of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. growing sandland in the same water supply treatment. Water supply significantly affected the seasonal changes of evaporation and transpiration of the three plant growing sandlands. With the increased levels of water supply, viz. 157.5 mm, 315.0 mm, 472.5 mm and 630.0 mm, the total evaporation was 123.66 mm, 258.68 mm, 376.30 mm, 458.57 mm, respectively, and the total transpiration of A. ordosica was 50.80 mm, 68.93 mm, 108.39 mm, 163.36 mm, respectively, and that of S. psammophila , 47.37 mm, 68.17 mm, 93.65 mm, 135.97 mm, respectively, and that of H. mongolicum 46.73 mm, 67.37 mm, 86.07 mm, 109.64 mm, respectively. Evaporation was significantly higher than transpiration in the experiment.

西汉丹阳铜官归属考

据《汉书.地理志》所载西汉一代,惟有丹阳一郡设有铜官,然记载简略,未明归属。丹阳铜上承春秋战国时的"吴越金锡",下启唐宋时期的"梅根冶"、"永丰监",为西汉一代铜器铸造和铜币铸造的铜料主要来源地之一。本文仅就丹阳铜官行政归属作一探讨。

试论西汉官制改革(三)

对汉武帝官制改革的认识西汉最有价值、也是最大的一次官制改革,要数武帝时的改革,这次改革的政治和物质等方面的基础和条件是:汉初统治者经过种种斗争,终于实现了真正统一,加强了中央集权;在政治、经济、军事、文化等方面获得较大发展,创造了中国封建时代第一个盛世——“文景之治”。武帝继位时及在位期间面临的任务要解决的诸方面新老问题,

The Estimation of Cultivated Land Threshold Value in Hotan Oasis

[Objective] Water shortage is a key natural factor limiting arid economic development and ecological security.However,the large-scale land reclamation against natural laws has been speeding up water consumption,and the ecological water use which is the primary condition for maintaining ecological security was squeezed.Moreover,the fragile oasis ecosystem would be destroyed dramatically.In order to maintain ecological security,it is urgent to evaluate the threshold value of cultivated land.[Method] The method of water-soil balance was used to evaluate the threshold value of cultivated-land on the premise of allocating downstream ecological water demand.[Result] Under the frequency of 75%（P =75 for short） in Hotan River,the threshold value of cultivated-land in Hotan Oasis would be 13.83×10^4,16.78×10^4and 16.50×10^4hm^2in 2010,2020 and 2030 respectively.Under the frequency of 50%（P=50 for short）,the threshold value of cultivated land in Hotan Oasis would be 14.95 ×10^4,18.08 ×10^4and 17.78 ×10^4hm^2in 2010,2020 and 2030 respectively.If effective measures are not taken to control cultivated-land expansion,the cultivated land area will be 2.78×10^4and 5.07×10^4hm^2more than the threshold values of cultivated land at P =75 in 2020 and 2030 respectively.Even if the efficient water-saving technique are adopted,the water requirement of crop use will increase from 19.77×108to 20.82×108and 21.95×108m3during 2010-2030,and then the ecological water use cannot be guaranteed.[Conclusion] The cultivated-land expansion would threaten the ecological security in Hotan River and Tarim River.Therefore,some strict measures should be taken to protect desert-oasis ecotone,an important constituent of oasis ecosystem which has vital role in maintaining the stability of oasis,and to prohibit cultivated-land expansion.

VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA FOR PROPYLENE -METHANOL-WATER SYSTEM

In this article VLE data for a ternary system (propylene-methanol-water) under 30～60 C,0. 3～0. 9 MPa with a mass ratio of methanol to water of 9:1, 8: 2, 7: 3 were determined with a static equilibrium still, and were correlated by using Peng-Robinson model. The average relative error ofpropylene concentration in liquid phase is 1. 46 %. The results indicate that the models are very suitablefor the ternary system and the data are reliable.

Phase equilibrium of CaSO_4Ca(OH)_2-H_2O system

In order to provide the theoretical guidance for applying the neutralization method to treatment of heavy metals wastewater with high concentration of sulfate, and to better understand the mechanism of calcium sulfate scale formation, the equilibrium solubility data of CaSOa-Ca（OH）2-H2O system at 298.15 K were theoretically calculated via the Pitzer semi-empirical ion-interaction theory, and determined experimentally by the optical method combining with X-ray diffractometry, and the calculated and determined phase diagrams of CaSOa-Ca（OH）2-H2O system were plotted and compared. Physical definition of each area was studied, and the physical law of characteristic point and line was explained in detail. Adjusting the pH value of neutralization-hydrolysis solution depended on the SO4z- concentration in the system. And interaction characteristics between the solubilities of CaSO4（s）and Ca（OH）2（s）were found out.

Effect of Transplanting Density on Rice Yield,Nitrogen Uptake and ^(15)N-fertilizer Fate

[Objective] The aim of this study was investigated the rice yield, nitrogen uptake and ^15-fertilizer fate at different transplanting density to provide scientific ba- sis for improving the yield of rice and applying reasonably fertilizer. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of different transplanting density on rice yield, nitrogen （N） absorption, sources of N uptake by rice and the N balance in the plant-soil systems by using ^15-labelled urea. [Result] There were no significant differences in rice yields and total N uptakes by rice between treatments 30 cm × 30 cm and 40 cm × 40 cm, but the yield of rice and total N absorption in the two treatments were remarkably higher than those in 50 cm × 50 cm treatment. The amounts of total N uptake by rice were in the range of 112.3-162.7 kg/hm2 in the three transplanting densities. The result showed that about 1/3 of the total N uptake by rice was supplied by application fertilizer and the other 2/3 was obtained from the soil N pool. The ^15N-labelled urea absorbed by rice, residual in soil and lost accounted for 16.3%-26.1%, 17.0%-20.9% and 53.0%-66.7% of the total fertilizer, respectively. A great deal of ^15N-labelled urea was lost during the rice growing season. [Conclusion] Considering the rice yield and environmental protection, the transplanting density of 30 cm×30 cm was recommended in the hilly area of Sichuan basin in the southwest China.

我国历代钱币机构简介

夏商周泉府.《周礼地官》凡国事之财用取具焉.岁终则会其共入,而纳其余.清案,后世钱法之官,其源出于地官之泉府.汉少府.《汉书百官公卿表》水衡都尉,属官有上林均输、钟官、辨铜令丞.(钟官,主铸钱官也.辨铜,主辨铜之种类也.)初,上林衡官及铸钱皆属少府.

五铢钱

汉武帝于元鼎四年(公元前113年)下令禁止郡国铸钱,把各地私铸的钱币运到京师销毁,将铸币大权收归中央。中央政府成立专门的铸币机构,即由水衡都尉的属官(钟官、辨铜、技巧三官)负责铸钱。钟官负责铸造,辨铜负责审查铜的质量成色,技巧负责刻范。面文"五铢"二字的钱最初铸于汉武帝元狩五年 (公元前118年),重如其文,被称为五铢钱。五铢钱的钱文采用小篆书,"五"字交笔斜直或有弯曲;"铢"字的"朱"头呈方折型,"金"字头较小,仿佛如一箭镞。光背,正面有轮无廓,背面则轮廓俱备。

Forecast and Analysis of Soil Moisture Based on SIMPEL Model

The forecast of soil moisture lays foundation for water management in farmlands. The change of soil moisture is influenced by multiple meteorological fac- tors. It becomes much significant for improvement of agricultural production and ef- fective use of water to explore the rule of water dynamic at small scale, spatially or temporally. In the research, water dynamic in soil horizons at 0-40 cm in winter wheat belts was simulated by SIMPLE model as per water balance principle. Fur- thermore, ETp in fields was computed according to Haude method （DVWK stan- dards）; retained amount of water in fields and wilting coefficient were calculated based on soil parameters with SPAW （Soil-Plant-Air-Water）. The simulated results of SIMPLE model showed that the correlation of measured and simulated water con- tent in soils was 0.95 and relative error averaged lower than 3.1%, suggesting that the model would make a more precise estimation of water content in root zone in the area.

Prediction of Injection-Production Ratio with BP Neural Network

Injection of water to enhance oil production is commonplace, and improvements in understanding the process are economically important. This study examines predictive models of the injection-to-production ratio. Firstly, the error between the fitting and actual injection-production ratio is calculated with such methods as the injection-production ratio and water-oil ratio method, the material balance method, the multiple regression method, the gray theory GM (1,1) model and the back-propogation (BP) neural network method by computer applications in this paper. The relative average errors calculated are respectively 1.67%, 1.08%, 19.2%, 1.38% and 0.88%. Secondly, the reasons for the errors from different prediction methods are analyzed theoretically, indicating that the prediction precision of the BP neural network method is high, and that it has a better self-adaptability, so that it can reflect the internal relationship between the injection-production ratio and the influencing factors. Therefore, the BP neural network method is suitable to the prediction of injection-production ratio.

Determination of a Reasonable Percentage for Ecological Water-Use in the Haihe River Basin, China

An investigation was conducted to study problems of determining a reasonable percentage for ecological water-use in the Haihe River Basin of China. Three key aspects for the ecological water requirement （EWR） were analyzed, involving i） the EWR for river system, ii） the EWR for wetlands and lakes, and iii） the EWR for discharge into the sea to maintain the estuary ecological balance of the Haihe River. The Montana method and related water level-flow relationships, and the statistic approach based on hydrological records were applied to estimate different components of EWR. The results showed that the total ecological water demand in the region, was about 3.47-14.56 billion m^3. Considering flow regime change and uncertainty, the ecological water demand could be estimated by the hydrological frequency approach. Preliminary analysis showed that for different annual runoff under the frequencies of 20%, 50%, 75% and 95%, the ecological water demand approached 12%-50%, 18%-74%, 24%-103%, 35%-148% and 16%-66%, respectively. By further analysis to balance ecological water-use and socioeconomic water-use, the rational percentage of ecological water-use was estimated as 35%-74%, that provides useful information to judge whether the allocation of water resources is reasonable, and was proved to be satisfactory by comparing with the practical condition.

Liquid-solid Equilibria in Quinary System Na^＋,K^＋,Mg^2＋//Cl^-,NO3^--H2O at 25°C

The solubilities of the quinary system Na^＋ ,K^＋ ,Mg^2＋ //Cl ,NO 3 ^-H2O and its two quaternary subsystems, Na^＋ ,K^＋ ,Mg^2＋ //NO 3 -H2O and K^ ＋ ,Mg ^2＋ //Cl ,NO 3 ^-H2O,were studied by isothermal method at 25°C and their phase diagrams were plotted.In the equilibrium phase diagram of quaternary system Na^ ＋ ,K^ ＋ ,Mg ^2＋ //NO 3 ^-H2O, there are one invariant point,three univariant curves and three regions of crystallization with one salt：NaNO3, KNO3 and Mg（NO3）2·6H2O.In the equilibrium phase diagram of quaternary system K ^＋ ,Mg ^2＋ //Cl ,NO 3 ^-H2O,there are three invariant points,seven univariant curves and five regions of crystallization with one salt：KNO3,KCl, Mg（NO3）2·6H2O,MgCl2·6H2O and KCl·MgCl2·6H2O.In the equilibrium phase diagram of the quinary system Na ^＋ , K^ ＋ ,Mg ^2＋ //Cl ,NO 3^ -H2O,there are four invariant points,and seven regions of crystallization with one salt：NaCl, KCl,NaNO3,KCl·MgCl2·6H2O,KNO3,MgCl2·6H2O and Mg（NO3）2·6H2O.

THE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE WATER-SAVING POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR

The Hexi Corridor is an important base of agriculture development inNorthwest China. According to recent statistics, there are 65. 94 x 10~8m^3 of water resourcesavailable in the Hexi Corridor. At present, net consumption in development and utilization is 43. 33x 10~8m^3. Water supply and demand reach a balance on the recent level of production, but loss ofevaporation and evapotranspiration is as much as 25. 69 x 1010~8m^3. So net use efficiency of waterresources is 59% Based on analyzing balance between water and land considering ecologicalenvironment at present, there exists the serious water shortage in the Shiyang River system whereirrigation lands have overloaded. There is a comparative balance between supply and demand of waterresource in the Heihe River system; and the Sule River system has some surplus water to extendirrigation land. Use of agriculture water accounts for 83. 3% and ecological forest and grass for 6.9% . The Hexi Corridor still has a great potential for water saving in agriculture production.Water-saving efficiency of irrigation is about 10% by using such traditional technologies as furrowand border-dike irrigation and small check irrigation, and water-saving with plastic film cover andtechniques of advanced sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation etc. can save more than 60% of irrigatedwater. Incremental irrigation area for water-saving potential in the Hexi Corridor has beenestimated as 56% - 197% to original irrigation area. So the second water sources can be developedfrom water saving agriculture in the Hexi Corridor under Development of the Western Part of China inlarge scale. This potential can be realized step by step through developing the water-savingmeasures, improving the ecological condition of oasis agriculture, and optimizing allocation ofwater resources in three river systems.

Method of Distinguishing Hydrologic Drought for Water Supply System

It is very common to design water supply system to adjust runoff. Thus it will not meet the practical needs if only the hydrologic drought in natural basin is studied. In practice the natural water balance and water deficits must be researched, i. e. . the adjusting effects of the water supply sys- tem such as a reservoir should be considered, and the drought event be distinguished according to the special system. The problem of drought identification under adjusted runoff was investigated in this study. By considering water transfer during different periods, a method to distinguish hydrologic drought for the water supply system was developed, and a standard drought severity index SWDSI was proposed. The method has been applied in Pan Jiakou water supply system in China. From 1953 to 1997,a total of 14 hydrologic droughts were identified in the water supply system, among which there were 3 severe droughts, 6 moderate droughts and 5 light droughts. The results are in good agreement with the historic drought records.

A Distributed Monthly Water Balance Model for Analyzing Impacts of Land Cover Change on Flow Regimes

The Miyun Reservoir is the most important water source for Beijing Municipality, the capital of China with a population of more than 12 million. In recent decades, the inflow to the reservoir has shown a decreasing trend, which has seriously threatened water use in Beijing. In order to analyze the influents of land use and cover change (LUCC) upon inflow to Miyun Reservoir, terrain and land use information from remote sensing were utilized with a revised evapotranspiration estimation formula; a water loss model under conditions of human impacts was introduced; and a distributed monthly water balance model was established and applied to the Chaobai River Basin controlled by the Miyun Reservoir. The model simulation suggested that not only the impact of land cover change on evapotranspiration, but also the extra water loss caused by human activities, such as the water and soil conservation development projects should be considered. Although these development projects were of great benefit to human and ecological protection, they could reallocate water resources in time and space, and in a sense thereby influence the stream flow.