新型水锤泵在贵州山区饮水安全工程中的应用

新型水锤泵是一种不耗电、不费油,同时能将动力水和饮用水分离的提水技术。为解决贫困山区饮水安全工程建设过程当中存在的问题,本文对贵州务川已建成的红丝乡新型水锤泵站进行现场调查和资料查阅,总结新型水锤泵的运用条件和优缺点,介绍新型水锤泵的安装要求和运行管理,新型水锤泵可实现水质分离,同时减少运行成本,降低运行管理难度,在饮水安全提水工程中的运用效果明显,效益突出,值得推广。

Upland rice and lowland rice exhibited different P/P expression under water deficit and ABA treatment

Aquaporins play a significant role in plant water relations. To further understand the aquaporin function in plants under water stress, the expression of a subgroup of aquaporins, plasma membrane intrinsic proteins （PIPs）, was studied at both the protein and mRNA level in upland rice （Oryza sativa L. cv. Zhonghan 3） and lowland rice （Oryza sativa L. cv. Xiushui 63） when they were water stressed by treatment with 20% polyethylene glycol （PEG）. Plants responded differently to 20% PEG treatment. Leaf water content of upland rice leaves was reduced rapidly. PIP protein level increased markedly in roots of both types, but only in leaves of upland rice after 10 h of PEG treatment. At the mRNA level, OsPIP1,2, OsPIP1,3, OsPIP2;1 and OsPIP2;5 in roots as well as OsPIP1,2 and OsPIP1;3 in leaves were significantly up-regulated in upland rice, whereas the corresponding genes remained unchanged or down-regulated in lowland rice. Meanwhile, we observed a significant increase in the endogenous abscisic acid （ABA） level in upland rice but not in lowland rice under water deficit. Treatment with 60 μM ABA enhanced the expression of OsPIP1;2, OsPIP2;5 and OsPIP2;6 in roots and OsPIP1;2, OsPIP2;4 and OsPIP2;6 in leaves of upland rice. The responsiveness of PIP genes to water stress and ABA were different, implying that the regulation of PIP genes involves both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling oathways during water deficit.

Unrealistic treatment of detrained water substance in FGOALS-s2 and its influence on the model's climate sensitivity

Based on a series of aqua-planet and air–sea coupled experiments,the influence of unrealistic treatment of water substance in the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model,spectral version 2（FGOALS-s2）,on the model＇s climate sensitivity is investigated in this paper.Because the model does not adopt an explicit microphysics scheme,the detrained water substance from the convection scheme is converted back to the humidity.This procedure could lead to an additional increase of water vapor in the atmosphere,which could strengthen the model＇s climate sensitivity.Further sensitivity experiments confirm this deduction.After removing the water vapor converted from the detrained water substance,the water vapor reduced significantly in the upper troposphere and the high clouds also reduced.Quantitative calculations show that the water vapor reduced almost 10% of the total water vapor,and 50% at 150 h Pa,when the detrained water substance was removed,contributing to the 30% atmospheric surface temperature increase.This study calls for an explicit microphysics scheme to be introduced into the model in order to handle the detrained water vapor and thus improve the model＇s simulation skill.

High efficiency of protoplast preparation for artificially cultured Ulva prolifera(Ulvophyceae,Chlorophyta)

Protoplast isolation was relevant for gene manipulation in U lva, and universal protocols have been proposed based on evaluation for various wildly collected species. However, only clonal laboratory cultures were practical for genetic transformation, and whether applicability of such universal protocol existed for these artificial cultures has never been investigated. In this research, samples in different physiological states or developmental stages were tested in U. prolifera. The results proved that the protoplast yields were strongly dependent on the characteristics of samples. Neither F_v/F_m value nor chlorophyll content exhibited an ideal correlation with the protoplast yields. Alternatively, specific growth rate, coupled with developmental stage, could serve as an ef fective combined index to determine the right time for protoplast isolation. According to this instruction, here we reported the highest yields of protoplast((31.5±1.9)×10~6 cells/g f. wt.) in U. prolifera, following comparison between protocols, and further optimizations on enzyme content, incubation period, starting biomass and pretreatment. This specified protocol for artificially cultured clonal samples could meet the need for protoplast-mediated genetic transformation in U. prolifera.

Photosynthetic responses of thalli and isolated protoplasts of Bryopsis hypnoides(Bryopsidales,Chlorophyta)during dehydration

Bryopsis kypnoides Lamouroux is a unique intertidal siphonous green alga whose extruded protoplasm can aggregate spontaneously in seawater to form numerous new cells that can develop into mature algal thalli. In this study, the photosynthetic responses during dehydration of both the thalli and protoplasts isolated from B. kypnoides were measured using a Dual-PAM （pulse amplitude modulation）-100 fluorometer. The results show that the photosynthetic rates of B. kypnoides thalli were maintained for an initial period, beyond which continued desiccation resulted in reduced rates of PSI and PSII. However, the photosynthetic performances of the isolated protoplasts dehydrated in air （CO2 concentration 600-700 mg/L） showed a slight increase of Y（II） at 20% water loss, but the rates decreased thereafter with declining water content. When protoplasts were dehydrated in CO2 deficient conditions （CO2 concentration 40-80 mg/L）, the values of Y（II） declined steadily with increased dehydration without an initial rise. These results indicated that the thalli and isolated protoplasts of this alga can utilize CO2 in ambient air effectively, and the photosynthetic performances of the isolated protoplasts were significantly different from that of the thalli during dehydration. Thus the protoplasts may be an excellent system for the study of stress tolerance.

A Pilot-scale Demonstration of Reverse Osmosis Unit for Treatment of Coal-bed Methane Co-produced Water and Its Modeling

This study presents the first demonstration project in China for treatment of coal-bed methane(CBM) co-produced water and recycling.The work aims to provide a research and innovation base for solving the pollution problem of CBM extraction water.The reverse osmosis(RO) unit is applied to the treatment of CBM co-produced water.The results indicate that system operation is stable,the removal efficiency of the total dissolved solids(TDS) is as high as 97.98%,and Fe,Mn,and F-are almost completely removed.There is no suspended solids(SS) detected in the treated water.Furthermore,a model for the RO membrane separation process is developed to describe the quantitative relationship between key physical quantities-membrane length,flow velocity,salt concentration,driving pressure and water recovery rate,and the water recovery restriction equation based on mass balance is developed.This model provides a theoretical support for the RO system design and optimization.The TDS in the CBM co-produced water are removed to meet the "drinking water standards" and "groundwater quality standards" of China and can be used as drinking water,irrigation water,and livestock watering.In addition,the cost for treatment of CBM co-produced water is assessed,and the RO technology is an efficient and cost-effective treatment method to remove pollutants.

Isolation and Identification of a Bacterium from Marine Shrimp Digestive Tract:A New Degrader of Starch and Protein

It is a practical approach to select candidate probiotic bacterial stains on the basis of their special traits. Production of digestive enzyme was used as a trait to select a candidate probiotic bacterial strain in this study. In order to select a bacterium with the ability to degrade both starch and protein, an ideal bacterial strain STE was isolated from marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) intestines by using multiple selective media.The selected isolate STE was identified on the basis of its morphological, physiological,and biochemical characteristics as well as molecular analyses. Results of degradation experiments confirmed the ability of the selected isolate to degrade both starch and casein. The isolate STE was aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile and non-spore-forming, and had catalase and oxidase activities but no glucose fermentation activity. Among the tested carbon/nitrogen sources, only Tween40, alanyl-glycine, aspartyl-glycine, and glycyl-l-glutamic acid were utilized by the isolate STE. Results of homology comparison analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences showed that the isolate STE had a high similarity to several Pseudoalteromonas species and, in the phylogenetic tree, grouped with P. ruthenica with maximum bootstrap support (100%). In conclusion, the isolate STE was characterized as a novel strain belonging to the genus Pseudoalteromonas.This study provides a further example of a probiotic bacterial strain with specific characteristics isolated from the host gastrointestinal tract.

Kinetic Mass Transfer Between Non-aqueous Phase Liquid and Gas During Soil Vapor Extraction

The mass transfer between non-aqueous phase liquid(NAPL) phase and soil gas phase in soil vapor extraction(SVE) process has been investigated by one-dimensional venting experiments. During quasi-steady volatilization of three single-component NAPLs in a sandy soil, constant initial lumped mass transfer coefficient (λgN,0) canbe obtained if the relative saturation (ξ) between NAPL phase and gas phase is higher than a critical value (ξc), andthe lumped mass transfer coefficient decreases with ξ when ξ＜ξc. It is also shown that the lumped mass transfercoefficient can be increased by blending porous micro-particles into the sandy soil because of the increasing of theinterfacial area.

热电联产中的水处理技术

目前热力生产用水水源主要有两种:地表水和地下水。其水质是指水和其中杂质共同表现出来的综合特性,也就是常说的水的质量。表示水中杂质个体成分或整体性质的项目成为水质指标,它是衡量水质好坏的重要参数。膜技术是一项具有巨大潜力的实用性技术,反渗透技术的核心是反渗透膜,这是一种用高分子材料制成的、具有选择性半透性质的薄膜。

Optimization of control parameters of CdZnTe ACRT-Bridgman single crystal growth

The CdZnTe vertical Bridgman single crystal process with accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT) has been simulated. Effects have been investigated of the ACRT wave parameters on the solid-liquid interface concavity and the solute segregation of the crystal. The results show that ACRT can result in the increase of both the solid-liquid interface concavity and the temperature gradient of the melt in the front of the solid-liquid interface, of which the magnitude varies from small to many times when the ACRT wave parameters change. Of the ACRT wave parameters, the increase of the crucible maximum rotation rate can hardly improve the radial solute segregation of the crystal, but the variation of the crucible acceleration time, the keep time at the maximum rotation rate, and the crucible deceleration time can affect the solute segregation of the single crystal extraordinarily. With suitable wave parameters, ACRT greatly decreases the radial solute segregation of the crystal, and even makes it disappear completely. However, it increases both the axial solute segregation and the radial one notably with bad wave parameters. An excellent single crystal could be gotten, of which a majority part is with no segregation, with ACRT-Bridgman method by adjusting both the ACRT wave parameters and the crystal growth control parameters, such as the initial temperature of the melt, the temperature gradient, and the crucible withdrawal rate, etc.