天津市北塘水库水质咸化原因和防治对策

为确定天津市北塘水库作为南水北调供水调节和事故备用水库的水质安全性,于2005年7-12月,监测分析水体、底泥和库周土壤中全盐量和Cl^-浓度的变化,研究水源补给、底泥释放、降雨蒸发和地下水水位变动等因素对水库水质的影响。结果表明在目前蓄潮白新河水的条件下．北塘水库水中的Cl^-浓度变化幅度为302-409mg／L,超过饮用水水源地的水质标准(GB3838-2002)．库区0-100 cm底泥全盐量平均值为0．253％,Cl^-含量为0．048%,分别是库周土壤的1/8和1/18．3．因此,蓄水造成水库底泥盐分的大量释放．经计算,Cl^-的平均释放强度为1．3 g/(m^2·d)．南水北词通水后,若水库保持在5．60 m以上的运行水位,底泥释放虽造成Cl^-浓度上升,但水质能达到供水水源地的标准．水库周边地下水的矿化度为59．63 g/L,Cl^-浓度为26．17 g/L,远高于水库水体的含盐量,但只要在5．60m以上水位运行,水库就不会受到高矿化度地下水的补给影响．因此,在合理调度的基础上,北塘水库作为天津市南水北调供水调节和事故备用水库是安全的．

Identification and Evolution of Groundwater Chemistry in the Ejin Sub-Basin of the Heihe River, Northwest China

Hydro-chemical characteristics of groundwater and their changes as affected by human activities were studied in the Ejin Sub-Basin of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, to understand the groundwater evolution, to identify the predominant geochemical processes taking place along the horizontal groundwater flow path, and to characterize anthropogenic factors affecting the groundwater environment based on previous data. The concentrations of major ions and total dissolved solids （TDS） in the groundwater showed a great variation, with 62.5% of the samples being brackish （TDS ≥ 1 000 mg L^-l）. The groundwater system showed a gradual hydro-chemical zonation composed of Na^＋ -HCO3^-, Na^＋ -Mg^2＋ -SO4 ^2 -Cl^-, and Na^＋ -Cl^-. The relationships among the dissolved species allowed identification of the origin of solutes and the processes that generated the observed water compositions. The dissolution of halite, dolomite, and 2- gypsum explained, in part, the presence of Na^＋, K^＋, Cl^-, SO^4 , and Ca^2＋, but other processes, such as mixing, Na^＋ exchange for Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋, and calcite precipitation also contributed to the composition of water. Human activity, in particular large-scale water resources development associated with dramatic population growth in the last 50 years, has led to tremendous changes in the groundwater regime, which reflected in surface water runoff change, decline of groundwater table and degeneration of surface water and groundwater quality. Solving these largely anthropogenic problems requires concerted, massive and long-term efforts.

ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OF REGULATED WATER RESOURCES OF GROUNDWATER RESERVOIR

Groundwater reservoir is a kind of important engineering, which can optimize water resources arran- gement by means of artificial regulation. Regulated water is the blood and value performance of groundwater reservoir. To resolve the problem of real-time quantification of regulated water, the paper analyzed sources and compositions of regulated water in detail. Then, under the conditions of satisfying water demand inside research area, the paper analyzed quantity available and regulation coefficient of different regulated water and established a formula to calculate regulated water. At last, based on a pore groundwater reservoir in the middle reaches of the Yinma River, Jilin Province, the paper calculated regulated water with the formula and the result shows that the method is feasible. With some constraint conditions, the formula can be adopted in other similar areas.

Synthesis and Solution Properties of Hydrophobic Associating Polymers

Acrylamide/2-acrylamido alkane sulfonic acid hydrophobic associating copolymers were synthesized by micellar copolymerization. Effects of hydrophobe content, polymer concentration, salinity and surfactant on rheological behavior of copolymers were investigated and the conformation of polymers in solution was studied by means of environmental scanning electronic microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The experimental results showed that in the dilute regime the hydrophobic parts could interact intramolecularly, while in the regime where the polymer concentration was higher than the critical association concentration, intermolecular hydrophobic association became predominant. Within the limit of the solubility, the critical association concentration of the polymer decreased with the increase of the salinity. The experimental results of the solution conformation indicated the presence of the three-dimensional network structure in deionized water and the size of the mesh in the network varied with the polymer concentration. In NaCl solution, above the critical association concentration, an increase in polymer concentration enhanced the intermolecular association and also enlarged the hydrodynamic radius. It would result in the improvement of the thickening power of polymers.

Physicochemical Characterization of Surface Water of the Area of Gafsa

Water exploits an essential part in all the durable development, the exploitation of this natural resource, its management and its position, its mineralization, its underground course and the mode o fits resurgence. The area of Gafsa is known by its very important hydrous potential which is geographically in the zone of transition between central Tunisia and the Saharan platform, these two great fields are separated by the fault of Gafsa which plays an important part in the structuring of the basins of the area, the hydrous resources of Gafsa make subsoil water the principal source of supply water, in the absence of an important network of surface. The zones of studies present requirements out of water which do not cease growing with the progress of the industrial activities and the concentration of the agricultural activities： The objective of this work is to analyze the water of the various zones of the area of Gafsa and to treat it to make it possible most drinkable. The analyzes like measurement of pH, measurement of electric conductivity and measurement of dry residue were made in the laboratory of the chemical group of Mdhila in Tunisia and in laboratory of Ion exchanger Materials of Vitry in France, the processes of treatment as opposite osmosis are also programmed in this same laboratory. The results are very encouraging to start the study and the design of a station of potabilisation of water in the area of Gafsa.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Amorphous LiMoS2 as a High Capacity Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

The LiMoS： anode material for lithium ion rechargeable batteries were synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 150 ℃. According to our measurements with X-ray diffraction, LiMoS2 was amorphous structure. Electrochemical measurements results showed that LiMoS2 exhibited large lithium storage capacities.

Qualitative and Quantitative Changes in Biochemical Constituents in the Rice Plant Treated with Different Xenobiotics

Experiments were conducted at Entomology division of Directorate of Rice research to study the qualitative and quantitative changes in biochemical constituents in the rice plant treated with different xenobiotics, viz. insecticides like deltamethrin, imidacloprid, herbicide like 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, fungicide like carbendazim, green manure Calotropis gigantea leaves, botanicals like Neem Seed Powder and fertilizer urea along with control plants of TN1, PTB33 and Swama varieties comprising of total 15 treatments. Application of butachlor, carbendazim, deltamethrin and excessive nitrogen fertilization resulted in increased population build up of brown plant hopper （BPH）. Significantly, lower honeydew excretion （13 mme area） in the BPH nymphs was observed on resistant PTB33 variety compared to susceptible TN1 and Swarna varieties （116 and 110 mm2 respectively）. In susceptible TN1 variety, the sucrose content was significantly higher （9.35 mg/g tissue） compared to BPH resistant PTB33 （5.32 mg/g tissue）. The BPH resistant PTB33 variety exhibited significantly lower free amino acid content （1.23 mg/g tissue） as compared to TN1 （2.51 mg/g）. The C/N ratio was comparatively high in the resistant PTB33 alone （4.32）, but was low in PTB33 applied with 2,4-D ＋ carbendazim （2.73）, 2,4-D ＋ imidacloprid ~ carbendazim （2.3）, excess urea fertilizer （2.18）. The total phenol contents measured in resistant PTB33 （7.5 mg/g dry wt）, susceptible TN1 （5.865 mg/g dry wt） and the popular variety Swarna （5.57 mg/g dry wt） were almost same and no statistical difference was observed. Further, treatment of these varieties with different xenobiotics and botanicals also did not significantly alter their total phenol content. However, the phenol content of the resistant PTB 33 alone and treated with xenobiotics was higher compared to the susceptible TN 1 and Swarna varieties alone and treated with xenobiotics. The plant biochemical constituents such as free amino acids, sucrose were lower in untreated resistant PTB33 compared to susceptible TN1, and PTB33 treated with urea and deltamethrin. The high feeding rate and population build up on the susceptible variety TN1 is positively correlated with high quantities of sucrose, free amino acids and lower quantities of phenols and low C/N ratio.

Genesis and Quality of Groundwater in the Southeastern Region of Southern Vietnam

The origin and quality of groundwater in the Southeastern region （belongs to Southern Plain） were identified by using isotopic techniques and geochemical analysis. Groundwater samples were collected from 7 aquifers： the Holocene, upper Pleistocene, middle Pleistocene, lower Pleistocene, upper Pliocene, middle Pliocene and Miocene aquifers. The water isotopic compositions （82H and 8180） were determined to elucidate the origin and the interaction between surface water and groundwater studies. Transit time （age） of the groundwater samples was determined to explain the direction of groundwater flow. The dating techniques included 3H and ^14C isotopes measurement, followed by a correction for the initial ^14C-activity by the ^13C-composition （^13C） in TDIC （Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon）. Geochemical parameters of the groundwater samples were measured either directly in the field or in the laboratory. The results showed that the groundwater from the Holocene and upper Pleistocene aquifers was most recharged from the local meteorological and hydrological systems, including local precipitation, fiver and reservoirs. Thus, it has short transit time and its stable isotopic composition is spread around the local meteoric waterline and lines for rivers or reservoirs water. The groundwater in the deeper aquifers： middle and lower Pleistocene, and Neogene aquifers has old age up to 22.5 ka BP. Its water seems to be recharged from the areas with an altitude from 600 to 700 m higher to the Neogene deposit layer altitude. The groundwater in the SE SP （South-Eastern Southern Plain） region has a high quality. The water type is Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3 with low content of chloride and TDS （Total Dissolved Solids）. Calcite/dolomite and gypsum dissolution, organic matter decomposition and sequence of red-ox reactions proceeding through different electron acceptors sediment were controlled the chemistry of the groundwater in the study region.

One-pot three-component synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans catalyzed by cost-effective ionic liquid in aqueous medium

A simple and ef ficient method is proposed for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans with aromatic aldehydes, active methylene compounds, and dimedone using basic ionic liquid catalyst in water. The procedure offers several advantages including short reaction time, good yield, easy procedure, and good recyclability of catalysts, which may be a practical alternative to conventional processes for preparation of 4-hpyrans.

Macronutrient Composition and Digestibility of Extruded and Fermented Soya Protein Products

The macronutrient composition and in vitro protein digestibility of extruded fermented and unfermented extruded soya protein products （low, medium and high moisture）, raw and fermented soya meal and soya kernel were studied. The protein content （g/100g soya dry weight） ranged from 38.20 to 62.98 with the highest content in the high moisture extruded protein product fermented with 5 mL inoculum of Bacillus natto. Contents of carbohydrates ranged from 14.77 to 29.08 while those of crude fibre, fat and ash were generally low. Fermentation better improved protein digestibility in the raw soya meal and kernel than in the unfermented extruded and extruded fermented products. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed some degradation of the protein sub units of fermented samples.

Relationship Population Density of Aquatic Sediment Macrozoobenthos to River Water Quality Parameters： Case Study of Upstream Citarum River in Bandung Regency

The increase in anthropogenic activities occur along the upstream of Citarum River Basin （CRB） in Bandung regency had a negative impact to the water quality caused by the presence of human activity, it will be able to be a disruption to the ecosystem aquatic. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the physical and chemical parameters of water and sediment to the presence of macrozoobenthos populations. Based on the result of Pearson Correlation Analysis （PCA）, the parameters of COD, TOC and silt composition were the highest correlation to the macrozoobenthos population density, the value were 0.966, 0.865 and 0.576. Although PCA analysis is used to determine the relationship between the parameters of water, sediment and sediment particle distribution, the result showed that the water parameters were the mayor component affected the density of macrozoobenthos. While based on the composition of sediment, it is found that substrate as silt, clay and gravel and phosphate parameter affected the density of macrozoobenthos. The measurement of water quality also were calculated by Biotic Monitoring Working Party-Average Score Per Taxon （BMWP-ASPT） index showed that the quality were polluted condition, although by Pollution Index （IP） method showed as a light polluted category.

Progress in the studies of low-molecular mass gelators with unusual properties

This article is intended to provide an overview of recent progress in the studies of cholesterol-based low-molecular mass gelators (LMMGs) with unusual properties,in particular,gelation and selective gelation at room temperature,gel emulsions and gel film formation,etc.Potential applications of the LMMGs in spilled oil collection and water purification are briefly presented.

In-situ observation for formation and dissociation of carbon dioxide hydrate in porous media by magnetic resonance imaging

The study of formation and dissociation of CO 2 hydrate in porous media was characterized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system in in situ conditions. This work simulated porous media by using glass beads of uniform size. The growth and dissociation habit of CO2 hydrate was observed under different temperature and pressure conditions. The induction time and the hydrate saturation during the growth and dissociation process in different sizes of porous media were obtained by using the MRI signal intensity. The results indicate that hydrate growth rate and the induction time are affected by the size of porous media, pressure, and degree of supercooling. There are three hydrate growth stages, i.e., initial growth stage, rapid growth stage and steady stage. In this study,the CO2 hydrate forms preferentially at the surface of vessel and then gradually grows inward. The hydrate tends to cement the glass beads together and occupies the pore gradually. As the hydrate decomposes gradually, the dissociation rate increases to the maximum and then decreases to zero.