微界面水质过程的理论与模式应用

水体颗粒物群体与水溶液构成微界面体系，共多种表面反应过程决定着天然水的水质，并且为水处理工艺所利用来净化水质。西方综述表面配位理论与模式的进展。主要简要介绍环境消化重点实验室近年来在此领域进行的部分研究工作，藉以反映这一领域中可广泛涉及的环境水质学问题。

雨水管网水质过程线模拟研究

以雨水中污染物质的浓度为研究对象,采用一阶负荷模型与阶式CSTR模型,对雨水地表径流过程与管网中的传输过程进行模拟,得出了雨水管网进出口污染物质的浓度变化过程线,并通过实例工程进行验证。模拟结果表明,该模拟方法结果稳定,得出的雨水管网水质过程线可以用于研究雨水造成的污染情况,并对雨水受纳水体的修复提供理论数据。

推进饮用水HACCP体系建设实现水质全过程管控的探索与实践

在服务市民的公用事业中,饮用水安全一直是社会关注的焦点。危害分析与关键控制点体系(hazard analysis critical control point,HACCP)是国际上认可和接受的食品安全保证体系。在发达国家,应用HACCP管控理念保障水质已有多年的实践,深圳水务集团借鉴先进供水管理经验,对水质管理现状及存在的问题进行深入分析,对供水全流程、管理全链条潜在的水质危害进行全面识别与评估,探索建立了饮用水HACCP体系,实现全过程水质管控,强调预防性管理。实施过程中以信息化为支撑点、以监督检查为着力点,在提升供水水质和供水管理模式的探索上取得了良好成效,可为供水行业水质管理提供借鉴。

水质富营养化过程与治理的方法和防治对策

对湖泊富营养化过程和影响的主要因子及其危害进行了详细的论述,同时介绍富营养化治理的方法和存在的问题,提出了水体富营养化的防治对策。

水质检测设备管理与水质分析过程

水质检测设备的管理主要包含控制检测仪器设备的数值范围和灵敏度,要进行多次的对比实验,经过反复测量才能保证数值的精确度。对检测人员进行工作考核,水质检测人员要了解相关的监测理论知识,并具备多年的实际工作经验,这样才能熟练掌握检测技术,保证检测效率。要结合国家的检测标准和行业规范选择恰当的检测方法,以满足检测要求,得出精确度最高的结果。加强对标准物质量的管理,避免标准物质量出现问题,确保水质监测的效果。水质分析过程包括四部分,即管理留存样本,应用平行样本分析法,监管水质检测的整个过程,采用密码样分析法。

水质检测过程中质量控制分析

随着社会的发展,我国的水利工程建设的发展也有了很大的改善。自我国改革开放以来,随着现代化经济市场环境的不断发展与优化,社会群体日常生活的整体质量也不断提升,在此条件背景下,人们对自然水资源的整体利用率也得到了空前的发展。从水质安全角度出发,在日常饮水质量整体检测过程中,通过科学方式针对水资源进行有效质检活动,并全面保障检测结果的准确性,不仅是有效控制水质、维持饮水健康的重要前提之一,同时也是目前水质检测工作中的核心环节内容,对维持和谐社会长期稳定性发展起着至关重要的影响作用。

检测设备管理与水质分析过程

水质检测仪器的控制主要包括仪器和检测仪器的数值范围和灵敏度的控制。需要进行大量比较实验,并确保多次测量后的数字精度。为了使水质检测人员能够掌握检测技术并保证检测的有效性,他们应该具备足够的理论知识和多年的实际工作经验来进行监测。为了满足检查要求,达到结果的最高准确度,必须与内部测试标准和行业标准一起选择适当的测试程序。为了加强标准材料的质量管理,防止标准材料质量问题,保障水质监测的影响,水质分析过程由4个部分组成,即控制搁浅样品、使用监测整个水质测试过程的并行样品分析方法、使用蠕变样品分析方法等。笔者结合多年来自身的管理经验,主要讲述了测试设备的管理过程和水质的深入分析,所获得的文献与同行业的人们共享,希望能对行业的发展起到一定的支撑作用。

水质监测过程的质量控制策略与质量保证措施研究

近年来,随着我国工业水平的不断提高,城市化进程大大加快,带来经济繁荣的同时也带来了一系列环境问题。水资源污染问题日益严重,给我国带来了巨大的损失,部分地区甚至因为环境污染问题导致严重缺乏干净的饮用水。为更好的贯彻落实可持续发展战略,必须加强水质监测过程的质量控制,认识到水质监测工作的重要性。

雨水口流域径流水质水量动态模拟

雨水口水质水量过程线的推求是建立城市雨水径流水质水量动态模型的关键,文章将产污机理应用于雨水口流域,建立了雨水口流域径流水质、水量动态模型,并根据三场降雨资料对雨水口流域水质、水量入流过程以及初冲效应做了动态模拟,所得过程线与实测值比较接近,验证了模型的有效性。

我国生活水循环系统的分析与调控策略

在对生活用水的基本内涵、特性以及影响因子进行分析的基础上,对三大典型生活用水单元即农村、城镇与发达城市生活用水单元的水循环结构进行了解析。通过对国内外生活用水系统的调研,从通量、结构、质量等方面归纳了生活水循环的发展规律。在此基础上,提出了我国生活水循环的调控目标,并对基于水质水量耦合的多元优化调控途径进行了探索。

灌区地下水作为生活饮用水的适宜性演变规律分析

灌区地下水适宜性评价及适宜性演变过程分析对地下水合理开发利用具有重要的意义。基于人民胜利渠灌区1996—2016年地下水水化学数据,采用单因子法评价了地下水作为生活饮用水的适宜性,分析了评价结果的时空演变规律及影响该适宜性的因素。结果表明:研究区地下水水质超标范围明显扩大,水样中超标指标个数明显增加,说明该区地下水水质恶化趋势明显,总体呈现向越来越不适宜作为生活饮用水的方向发展;至2016年,研究区地下水水质超标区域呈条带状向两侧扩展至西南及东北边界,地下水不适宜作为生活饮用水的区域面积约占一半以上;研究区地下水水质超标区域的水样基本为多指标复合超标,而非单指标超标。

北京郊外森林小流域的大气降水的水质及其变化过程

中日合作研究项目：大气沉降物对森林小流域影响的研究，于１９９５年至１９８年期间分别在北京郊外和东京郊外进行，本文是该项目在北京郊外昌平县蟒山国家森林公园开展的有关森林小流域大气降水的水质及其变化过程研究的结果，文中包括大气降水、林内雨、树干流。

A Pilot-scale Demonstration of Reverse Osmosis Unit for Treatment of Coal-bed Methane Co-produced Water and Its Modeling

This study presents the first demonstration project in China for treatment of coal-bed methane(CBM) co-produced water and recycling.The work aims to provide a research and innovation base for solving the pollution problem of CBM extraction water.The reverse osmosis(RO) unit is applied to the treatment of CBM co-produced water.The results indicate that system operation is stable,the removal efficiency of the total dissolved solids(TDS) is as high as 97.98%,and Fe,Mn,and F-are almost completely removed.There is no suspended solids(SS) detected in the treated water.Furthermore,a model for the RO membrane separation process is developed to describe the quantitative relationship between key physical quantities-membrane length,flow velocity,salt concentration,driving pressure and water recovery rate,and the water recovery restriction equation based on mass balance is developed.This model provides a theoretical support for the RO system design and optimization.The TDS in the CBM co-produced water are removed to meet the "drinking water standards" and "groundwater quality standards" of China and can be used as drinking water,irrigation water,and livestock watering.In addition,the cost for treatment of CBM co-produced water is assessed,and the RO technology is an efficient and cost-effective treatment method to remove pollutants.

Photosynthetic responses of thalli and isolated protoplasts of Bryopsis hypnoides(Bryopsidales,Chlorophyta)during dehydration

Bryopsis kypnoides Lamouroux is a unique intertidal siphonous green alga whose extruded protoplasm can aggregate spontaneously in seawater to form numerous new cells that can develop into mature algal thalli. In this study, the photosynthetic responses during dehydration of both the thalli and protoplasts isolated from B. kypnoides were measured using a Dual-PAM （pulse amplitude modulation）-100 fluorometer. The results show that the photosynthetic rates of B. kypnoides thalli were maintained for an initial period, beyond which continued desiccation resulted in reduced rates of PSI and PSII. However, the photosynthetic performances of the isolated protoplasts dehydrated in air （CO2 concentration 600-700 mg/L） showed a slight increase of Y（II） at 20% water loss, but the rates decreased thereafter with declining water content. When protoplasts were dehydrated in CO2 deficient conditions （CO2 concentration 40-80 mg/L）, the values of Y（II） declined steadily with increased dehydration without an initial rise. These results indicated that the thalli and isolated protoplasts of this alga can utilize CO2 in ambient air effectively, and the photosynthetic performances of the isolated protoplasts were significantly different from that of the thalli during dehydration. Thus the protoplasts may be an excellent system for the study of stress tolerance.

Characterization of a new lectin involved in the protoplast regeneration of Bryopsis hypnoides

A group of coenocytic marine algae differs from higher plants,whose totipotency depends on an intact cell(or protoplast).Instead,this alga is able to aggregate its extruded protoplasm in sea water and generate new mature individuals.It is thought that lectins play a key role in the aggregation process.We purified a lectin associated with the aggregation of cell organelles in Bryopsis hypnoides.The lectin was ca.27 kDa with a pI between pH 5 and pH 6.The absence of carbohydrate suggested that the lectin was not a glycoprotein.The hemagglutinating activity(HA) of the lectin was not dependent on the presence of divalent cations and was inhibited by N-Acetylgalactosamine,N-Acetylglucosamine,and the glycoprotein bovine submaxillary mucin.The lectin preferentially agglutinated Gram-negative bacterium.The HA of this lectin was stable between pH 4 to pH 10.Cell organelles outside the cytoplasm were agglutinated by the addition of lectin solution(0.5 mg ml-1).Our results suggest that the regeneration of B.hypnoides is mediated by this lectin.We also demonstrated that the formation of cell organelle aggregates was inhibited by nigericin in natural seawater(pH 8.0).Given that nigericin dissipates proton gradients across the membrane,we hypothesize that the aggregation of cell organelles was proton-gradient dependent.

Effects of the grinding process on the preparation and qualities of CWS

Two different grinding processes were examined to determine the effect grinding has on the quality of a CWS. A series of slurries was prepared from Australian (Au) and Chinese (YZ) coals. Both types of coal were ground by a Chinese (CUMT) and an Australian (JK) grinding process. The performance tests of the prepared CWS showed that fluidity of all slurries was acceptable. The concentration of the CWS from YZ coal ground by the CUMT grinding process was higher than when the JK grinding process was used. The highest concentration was 70.14% in this case. The concentration of the CWS prepared from Au coal by the JK grinding process was higher than when the CUMT grinding process was used. The highest con- centration in this case was 70.97%. These differences are caused by the particle size distribution devel- oped during the different grinding processes.

Combinatorial model of solute transport in porous media

Modeling of solute transport is a key issue in the area of soil physics and hydrogeology. The most common approach (the convection-dispersion equation) considers an average convection flow rate and Fickian-like dispersion. Here,we propose a solute transport model in porous media of continuously expanding scale, according to the combinatorics principle. The model supposed actual porous media as a combinative body of many basic segments. First, we studied the solute transport process in each basic segment body, and then deduced the distribution of pore velocity in each basic segment body by difference approximation, finally assembled the solute transport process of each basic segment body into one of the combinative body. The simulation result coincided with the solute transport process observed in test. The model provides useful insight into the solute transport process of the non-Fickian dispersion in continuously expanding scale.

Assessment of semi-empirical mass transfer correlations for pervaporation treatment of wastewater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons

Assessment of mass transfer characteristics of pervaporation （PV） treatment of wastewater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons is of great importance for water treatment plant operators conducting initial evaluation, process optimization, and process economics. While a membrane plays a central role in pervaporation processes and separation efficiency, the mass transfer in the liquid layer next to the membrane surface is of equal, if not greater importance. It is one of the few process parameters that can be adjusted in situ to manipulate the outcome of a pervaporation process. In this study, a bench scale pervaporation experiment of removing a common chlorinated hydrocarbon from water was carried out and the results of it were compared to the ones based on well-known semi-empirical correlations. The mass transfer coefficients from the experiments, ranging from 0.8× 10^-5-2.5× 10^-5 m/s under the operating conditions, are higher than those predicted by the correlation. The corresponding separation factors under varying flow velocities are determined to be between 310-950.

Resistivity in Formation and Decomposition of Natural Gas Hydrate in Porous Medium

A new one-dimensional system for resistivity measurement for natural gas hydrate(NGH)exploitation is designed,which is used to study the formation and decomposition processes of NGH.The experimental results verify the feasibility of the measurement method,especially in monitoring the nucleation and growth of the NGH. Isovolumetric formation experiment of NGH is performed at 2°C and 7.8 MPa.Before the NGH formation,the initial resistivity is measured to be 4-7Ω·m,which declines to the minimum value of 2-3Ω·m when NGH begins to nucleate after the pressure is reduced to 3.3 MPa.As the NGH grows,the resistivity increases to a great extent,and finally it keeps at 11-13Ω·m,indicating the completion of the formation process.The NGH decomposition experiment is then performed.When the outlet pressure decreases,NGH begins to decompose,accordingly,the resistivity declines gradually,and is at 5-9Ω·m when the decomposition process ends,which is slightly higher than the resistivity value before the formation of NGH.The occurrence and distribution uniformity of NGH are determined by the distribution and magnitude of the resistivity measured on an one-dimensional sand-packed model.This study tackles the accurate estimation for the distribution of NGH in porous medium,and provides an experimental basis for further study on NGH exploitation in the future.

Hydrodynamic processes and depositional styles of glacierassociated deposits in the Moxi basin, Southwest China

This study aims to understand the particle size distribution and depositional styles of glacierassociated deposits in the Moxi basin in southwest China. Based on field surveys, 28 samples from glacier-associated deposits(including glacial till,fluvioglacial, debris flow, river and lake deposits)were collected and tested in the laboratory. The results showed that the glacier-associated deposits can be differentiated based on particle gradation,particle size distribution and accumulated percentages. We evaluated the evolution of a former dammed lake in the Moxi basin based on glacierassociated deposits. The results of this study also indicated that the Moxi Platform was not formed by a single depositional process but is composed of both fluvioglacial and debris flow deposits. This research shows that the depositional style analysis is useful in identifying different glacier-associated deposits in high mountain regions. Moreover, the evaluation of the differences in particle sizes of the glacierassociated deposits is useful in reconstructing geohazard events in periglacial regions, and this information can help in identifying and reducing the potential risks associated with geo-hazards.