Effects of Different Water Stresses on Eco-physiological Characteristics of Hippophae rhamnoides Seedlings

In order to examine the effects of the decrease of future precipitation on the eco-physiological characteristics of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.) in Huangfuchuan Watershed in Nei Mongol, a water gradient experiment was conducted based on the four specially designed water supply levels, including normal precipitation, slight drought, drought and extreme drought. Results of ANOVE showed that different water gradients had a significant effect on (1) microhabitat factors, such as soil water content and soil temperature; (2) gas exchange, such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate; (3) resource use efficiency; and (4) leaf water potential. Water use efficiency of H rhamnoides could increase under moderate water stress, i.e. drought condition, while its net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate decreased. All kinds of eco-physiological characteristics proved H. rhamnoides seedlings under all water supplies were affected by water stress more or less and that mechanism of intrinsic physiological regulation in seedlings under the extreme drought conditions had the appearance of turbulence to a certain extent. Therefore, H rhamnoides seedlings in Huangfuchuan Watershed could not acclimate to extreme drought conditions.

省政府召开第29次常务会议

鹿心社主持会议8月4日,省长鹿心社主持召开第29次省政府常务会议。会议就深入学习习近平总书记系列重要讲话、贯彻落实7月29日中央政治局会议和省委十三届九次全会精神作了部署。会议指出,要在学习习近平总书记原著和讲话原文的基础上,认真学习《习近平总书记系列重要讲话读本》,做到深学、细悟、真用。会议强调。

国务院办公厅关于加强抗旱工作的通知

国办发[2007]68号二○○七年十二月九日党中央、国务院始终高度重视抗旱工作。经过多年努力,我国水利基础设施建设不断加强。

Non-equilibrium State Salt-forming Phase Diagram：Utilization of Bittern Resource in High Efficiency

Salt-forming regions for a complex salt-water system in non-equilibrium state of evaporation process are usually different from those in solubility diagrams.To understand the solid-forming region of NaCl and improve the utilization of bittern resources,experiments were carried out to evaporate 20 representative mixture solution samples of Na ^＋,Mg ^2＋ //Cl^-, SO4^2--H2O system with an average evaporation intensity of（1.4±0.4） g·L^-1 ·min^-1（water） at boiling temperature 348 K,and determine the NaCl solid-forming regions in non-equilibrium state.Because of the complexity of salt-forming region,a maximal region and a minimal region were proposed to express the non-equilibrium state salt-forming region with different crystal seed,and a conditional salt-forming region was proposed to present the characteristic region of non-equilibrium salt-forming phase diagram.The areas of the maximal and minimal regions are 2.00 and 1.56 times those in solubility diagram,so it is possible to utilize bittern resources in high efficiency.The recovery rates of NaCl were 99.65%,93.14%,88.57%,72.76%,and 83.68%for six typical bittern sources from Tulantai Salt Lake（China）,Dongtai Salt Lake（China） ,Jilantai Salt Lake（China）,Qarun Salt Lake（Egypt） and seawater,respectively.It is testified that the non-equilibrium state salt-forming phase diagram can be used in industrial processes.

Urban Water Resource Utilization Efficiency in China

The efficient use of water resources directly affects environmental, social, and economic development; therefore, it has a significant impact on urban populations. A slacks-based measure for data envelopment analysis （SBM-DEA） has been widely used in energy efficiency and environmental efficiency analyses in recent years. Based on this model, data from 316 cities were examined and a category method was employed involving three different sorting techniques to empirically evaluate the efficiency of urban water re- source utilization in China between 2000 and 2012. The overall efficiency （OE） of urban water resource utilization in China was initially low, but has improved over the past decade. The scale efficiency （SE） was higher than the pure technological efficiency （PTE）; PTE is a major determining factor of OE, and has had an increasingly significant effect. The efficiency of water resource utilization varied ac- cording to the region, urban scale, and economic function. The OE score for the eastern China was higher than for the rest of the region, and the OE score for the western China was higher than for the central China. The OE score for urban water resource utilization has improved with urban expansion, except in the case of small cities. The SE showed an inverted U-shaped＇ trend with increasing urban expansion. The OE of urban water utilization in comprehensive functional cities was greater than in economic specialization cities, and was greater in heavy industry specialization cities than in other specialization cities. This study contributes to the field of urban water resource management by examining variations in efficiency with urban ~ezle

Study on Intermittent Irrigation for Paddy Rice: I. Water Use Efficiency

A field experiment was conducted in a well-puddled paddy field developed on the Tama River alluvial soil in the Farm of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, to study the effect of intermittent irrigation on water use efficiency of paddy rice. Four treatments were arranged with 2 replicates: continuous flooding irrigation treatments (CFI), and three intermittent irrigation treatments Ⅱ-0, Ⅱ-1 and Ⅱ-2, in which plants were re-irrigated when the soil water potential fell below 0, -10, and -20 kPa, respectively, at soil depth of about 5 cm. Water consumption was lower in treatment Ⅱ-0 than in treatment CFI because the percolation rate was reduced by the reduction in the hydraulic head of ponded water. Intermittent irrigation led to soil repeated shrinking and swelling in Ⅱ-1 and Ⅱ-2 plots and, therefore, soil cracks developed rapidly. Since they became the major routes of water percolation, the soil cracks increased water consumption in treatments Ⅱ-1 and Ⅱ-2. There were no significant differences in dry matter production and grain yields between treatment Ⅱ-0 and treatment CFI, but the dry matter production and grain yields in treatments Ⅱ-0 and CFI were significantly higher than those in treatments Ⅱ-1 and Ⅱ-2. Therefore, the water use efficiency in the treatments was in the order of Ⅱ-0 > CFI > Ⅱ- 2 > Ⅱ- 1.

CONSTRAINING FACTORS TO SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR COUNTERMEASURES IN CHINA

This paper discusses the constraining factors to sustainable utilization ofwater resources in China, and the countermeasures to realize sustainable water utilization. Theresult of comprehensive analysis shows that constraining factors to sustainable utilization of waterresources in China are complicated, including physical geographical factors and socio-economicfactors, such as uneven distribution of water resources at temporal and spatial scales,inappropriate institutional arrangement and non-water-saving and non-wter-conservation productionand life mode. The countermeasures against constraining factors to water resources sustainabledevelopment are put forward as follows: 1) using wetlands and forests, and through spatialconversion to realize temporally sustainable supply of water resources; 2) transferring waterbetween basins and areas and developing various water resources in water shortage area; 3)establishing water-saving society; 4) strengthening water pollution control and water resourcesprotection; and 5) establishing unified water resources management mechanism.

Water Use and Growth in Three Populations of Red Cedar （Cedrela odorata L.） and Associated Crops in Mexico

The association between the growth and water-use efficiency in three populations of C. odorata in Veracruz Mexico （La Antigua, Misantla and Catemaco） from two agroforestry system sites was studied, one in association with corn and another with pipiain. TRP （transpiration）, gs （stomatal conductivity）, CO2A （CO2 assimilation）, WUE （water use efficiency）, height, coverage and stem diameter were measured. The populafon of La Antigua associated with pipian presented the highest WUE （7.13 μmol CO2 m2-sl/mmol H20 m2.sl）, while the population of Catemaco reached high values （10 μmol CO2 m2 sl/mmol H20 m2-s1） in the site associated with corn, the populations established with corn presented a great growth in height and stem diameter. Based on the physiological responses and growth of the studied populations, the towns of La Antigua and Catemaco may be recommended for the establishment of commercial plantations.

Assessment of Resource-Use Efficiency in Irrigated Rice Production in Dadinkowa, Gombe State, Nigeria

The study examined the levels of resource-use efficiency of rice farmers unde,r irrigation method in Dadinkowa, Gombe state of Nigeria. Using questionnaire, data were collected during the year 2010 irrigation season from 120 randomly sampled rice irrigators and the data were analyzed using multiple regression and marginal analyses. Results showed that significant factors influencing irrigated rice production were labour （P 〈 0.001）, land and fertilizer （P 〈 0.01）. In addition, the coefficient of determination （R2）, the F-ratio and the standard error of the mean （S） were found to be 0.471, 16.37＊＊＊ and 8.908, respectively. The results also indicated that efficiency values of land, seeds, fertilizer and labour were 1.234, 0.498, 2.352 and 1.620, respectively. Finally, it was found that resource-use among the farmers were not efficient thus equipment, land, fertilizer and labour inputs shall be increased by 78.3%, 18.9%, 57.5% and 38.3%, respectively, while seed input shall be reduced by 50.2% for the farmers to attain optimal resource utilization.

Anaerobic Digestion in the Nexus of Energy, Water and Food

Conventional waste management practices focusing principally on waste collection, treatment and disposal or even minimisation often prove insufficient to address resource management challenges in a sustainable manner. Taking into account the relationship between water provision, energy security and resource efficiency, a systems approach that delivers a strong information basis and provides opportunities for resource use optimisation at various levels of application provides opportunities for synergies that could deliver real benefits when cross-sectoral solutions are applied. By-products from sewage treatment in combination with organic solid waste such as food waste can provide a valuable source of energy if managed properly and utilised effectively. This way, waste can be seen as a raw material than can be turned into a resource rather than simply be discarded. As such, AD （anaerobic digestion）, the co-digestion of food waste with sewage sludge, could become a strategic and cross-sectoral solution, if carefully applied, with the potential to convey beneficial synergies for the water and the waste industries. However, barriers to the development of such systems are diverse and often interlinked. Institutional frameworks, decision making constraints, and regulatory boundaries might still appear to require an answer for three different problems, but this can be overcome if presented as just three different parts of the same answer. Such synergies could deliver economic benefits from the additional renewable energy generated and its associated incentives, and savings on costs for the infrastructure required for the exclusive digestion of food waste.

A Factor Decomposing Model of Water Use Efficiency at Sector Level and Its Application in Beijing

The paper explores the contribution of different factors affecting water use efficiency(WUE) of each sector and explores ways to improve WUE.A new Multi-Sector and Multi-Factors Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(MLMDI) decomposition method was developed that enabled the identification of WUE by sector into 11 factors in terms of their order of importance.An application to Beijing at the 19 sector level was made for the period between 2002–2007.The water conservation effects of six measures proposed during the 12th-Five-Year-Plan of Beijing were assessed.It was found that,to decrease the transferred out and export of agriculture products and increasing water prices would be the top two most effective measures to promote water conservation.While the adjustment of direct water use structure would contribute in less significant way,the adjustment of industrial structure would have a negative effect.