水利工程运行管理中水资源浪费因素及解决对策

水利建设作为一种重要的水利设施,在我国的国民经济中占有极其重要的地位。但是目前我国水利建设项目的实际运营过程中,往往会出现大量的用水问题,这已经严重影响了水利建设的效率。水资源的过度利用是造成资源耗竭、生态破坏、经济可持续发展的重要原因。笔者本篇文章通过分析我国水利建设项目运营过程中造成水资源浪费的主要原因,并针对这些问题进行分析研究,以期为我国水资源高效利用、生态环境保护和可持续发展提供科学依据。

GIS技术在水资源评价中的应用

在对地理信息(GIS)系统的组成及主要功能进行介绍的基础上,综合性地阐述了G1S技术在水资源评价中的应用。

达尔罕茂明安联合旗北部牧区水资源利用途径分析

以达茂旗北部牧区水资源利用分析为例,着重论述了影响内蒙古干旱牧区水资源的影响因素,阐述了随着以钢铁、煤炭等采矿业工业园区的出现,水资源供需矛盾加剧,牧区水资源合理利用途径,特别是调水情况分析。

小型农田水利工程治理影响因素研究

小型农田水利工程是保障农业生产、提高农田产量、促进农村经济发展的重要手段。为了进一步了解小型农田水利工程治理的影响因素,该研究采用文献分析法和实地调查法,综合分析了小型农田水利工程治理中的气候、地形、土壤、水资源、技术、政策等多方面因素。研究发现,气候因素主要体现在降水量、蒸发量、气温等方面,对农田水利工程的建设和运行具有显著影响;地形和土壤因素决定了农田水利工程的布局和设计,地势高低、土壤类型等对农田水利工程的效果有很大影响;水资源因素涉及水源供应、水质、水量分配等问题,关系到农田水利工程的可持续性发展;技术因素包括工程设计、施工、运维等方面,直接决定了农田水利工程的效果;政策因素主要表现为国家对农业水利建设投入、政策支持、法规体系等方面,对农田水利工程的推广和实施具有关键作用。研究表明,只有在综合考虑各种影响因素的基础上,制定合理的农田水利工程规划和设计,实施科学的水土保持措施,才能充分发挥小型农田水利工程在农业生产和农村经济发展中的作用。该研究可为今后制定农田水利工程治理相关政策和措施提供有益的参考依据。

CONSTRAINING FACTORS TO SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR COUNTERMEASURES IN CHINA

This paper discusses the constraining factors to sustainable utilization ofwater resources in China, and the countermeasures to realize sustainable water utilization. Theresult of comprehensive analysis shows that constraining factors to sustainable utilization of waterresources in China are complicated, including physical geographical factors and socio-economicfactors, such as uneven distribution of water resources at temporal and spatial scales,inappropriate institutional arrangement and non-water-saving and non-wter-conservation productionand life mode. The countermeasures against constraining factors to water resources sustainabledevelopment are put forward as follows: 1) using wetlands and forests, and through spatialconversion to realize temporally sustainable supply of water resources; 2) transferring waterbetween basins and areas and developing various water resources in water shortage area; 3)establishing water-saving society; 4) strengthening water pollution control and water resourcesprotection; and 5) establishing unified water resources management mechanism.

Annual Discharge and Sediment Load Variation in Jialing River During the Past 50 Years

Annual discharge and annual suspended sediment loads of Beipei Hydrological Station of the Jialing River catchment were analyzed to describe the trend of Jialing River over the last five decades (1956-2006). These loads were also analyzed to ascertain the influential factors associated with its variation with the help of Kendall's Tau-b correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results indicated that the Jialing River annual discharge showed no significant trend at >95% confidence level while the annual sediment load appeared to have a significant decrease trend over the last 50 years. A decrease in the annual sediment load was particularly apparent after the year 1985, at which a substantial shift in the sediment level occurred. This shift is attributed to the construction of numerous dams in 1980s. However, after the year of 1985, two periodical stages (1986-1991 and 1992-2006) with distinct sediment load and sediment-runoff ratio were identified. The period 1992-2006 is characterised by low sediment load, which is most probably due to the impact of large scale of soil and water conservation, which took place at the end of the 1980s. Last, models describing the relationship between the discharge and the sediment load, discharge and sediment-runoff ratio as well as between the sediment load and sediment-runoff ratio were constructed.

Coal geological factors for the storage of gas and coalbed methane resources evaluation research in Liupanshui

The geological characteristics of coalbed methane from the research carried out in Liupanshui is based on analysis of faults, folds, roof and floor lithology, and depth of coal seam gas content, combined with the assessment of CBM resources calculated through buried depth scope, average coal seam thickness, and gas content, organized by the Ministry of Land and Resources in 2006, which launched the ＂national new round of coalbed methane re-sources evaluation＂ project to evaluate the coalbcd methane resources in the standard category and divided coal-bed methane resources into Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ Category of three resources categories. With this method on the other syncline to resources assessment, the area below 1 000 m is named as ] Category resources. And with the depth increasing, resources level decreases.

Climate Change and its Impact on Water Resources in the Huai River Basin

Rainfall and air temperature data from six meteorological stations above the Bengbu Sluice and hydrological and water resources evaluation data from the Bengbu Hydrological Station in the Huai River Basin from 1961 to 2008 are used to analyze the impact of changes in climatic factors on the amount of water resources in the Basin. There was a general trend of rise in its average annual air temperature, with the highest increase of 0.289℃/10a recorded at Bengbu in Anhui Province. Rising rainfall was mainly observed in the western part of the study area, while rainfall actually declined in the eastern part, i.e. the middle reaches of the Huai River. The Average rainfall in the study area was in a vaguely declining trend. In other words, the rainfall in the Basin is still much affected by natural fluctuations. On the whole, there was a trend of gradual decrease in the quantity of the Basin＇s water resources for the period under study. Water resources quantity is found to fall with decreasing rainfall and rising air temperature. Regression analysis is used to establish a mathematical model between water resources quantity and climatic factors （i.e. air temperature and rainfall） in order to explore the impact of climate change on water resources in the Basin. Moreover, various scenarios are set to quantitatively analyze the response of water resources to climate change. Sensitivity analysis shows that changes in rainfall have a much bigger impact on its water resources quantity than changes in its air temperature.

Competition and monopoly of Chinese rural groundwater market:structure and determinants

China is facing severe problem of water scarcity.Agricultural sector,the main consumer of water resource,has remarkably changed its institutions on water resource deployment,due to heavy environmental pressure.As a new and spontaneous institution,groundwater market has developed rapidly in northern China,and has impacts on waterusing behaviors and benefits of farmers.Using household survey data from Hebei and Henan in 2007,this paper attempts to pin down the development and operating of groundwater market in rural China.We focus on the monopoly and competition in the market.Empirical analysis reveals that Chinese farmers are trying to make rational decision when they compete with others in groundwater market.In general,monopoly is not fierce in Chinese rural groundwater market,with great variations among different villages and even different tubewells within one village.Tubewell costs,regulation and the density of tubewells are the main determinants that affect monopoly level of groundwater market.To make water market benefit more and more farmers of low income,corresponding policies are needed to modify its development in the future.

The Dual Model for Tourism Resource Productivity Improvement

For natural resource science, resource productivity studying is an important subject. But researches on tourism resource productivity are limited. The most significant influencing factor on tourism resource productivity is the potential market scale of tourist locations, and second most important influencing factor is the resource endowment. Regional urban population is significantly correlated with region tourist numbers, being the decisive factor of region potential tour market scale. In tourism development, the dual model should be adopted: on one hand to enhance tour spot attractiveness, on the other hand to cultivate the potential market by improving urbanization level and other means. In the situation of tourism development fever spreading, the dual model for improving tourism productivity helps to avoid the "Great Leap Forward" which means that too rapid tourism construction divorces from actual market demand.

Uncertainty analysis of hydrological processes based on ARMA-GARCH model

Uncertainty analysis and risk analysis are two important areas of modern water resource management,in which accurate variance estimation is required.The traditional runoff model is established under the assumption that the variance is a constant or it changes with the seasons.However,hydrological processes in the real world are often heteroscedastic,which can be tested by McLeod-Li test and Engle Lagrange multiplier test.In such cases,the GARCH model of hydrological processes is established in this article.First,the seasonal factors in the sequence are removed.Second,the traditional ARMA model is established.Then,the GARCH model is used to correct the residual.At last,the daily runoff data in 1949-2001 of Yichang Hydrological Station is taken to be an example.The result shows that compared to the traditional ARMA model,the GARCH model has the ability to predict more accurate confidence intervals under the same confidence level.