罗家地区古近系沙河街组水进型扇三角洲沉积特征

沙四段—沙三段沉积时期渤海湾盆地处于由断陷拉张初期向深陷扩张期的过渡阶段,位于济阳坳陷沾化凹陷南部的罗家地区在这一时期发育了较为典型的向上变细的水进型扇三角洲沉积。通过对岩性、测井和粒度等资料的分析,将罗家地区水进型扇三角洲沉积划分为扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘和前扇三角洲3个亚相,同时进一步划分出辫状河道、辫状河道间、前缘河道、前缘河道间、前缘砂及前扇三角洲泥6个微相,根据各个微相不同的沉积特征,建立了该区水进型扇三角洲沉积模式。

再论水进型三角洲——兼论四川盆地须家河组巨厚砂层成因

上世纪80年代初笔者根据现代长江三角洲考察中发现的"海进河床充填砂体",结合其他考察资料和古代砂体特征,建立了"水进型三角洲"模式。30余年来,越来越多的资料表明这个模式是正确的。目前普遍使用的"水下分流河道",经长江三角洲、云南洱海、内蒙岱海等现代沉积考察和大量卫星照片分析表明并不存在。而据旋回地层学、层序地层学等理论分析,水进型沉积是广泛发育的,水槽模拟实验也证实有水进期三角洲发育,因此笔者认为应以水进河床砂微相取代现今普遍误用的水下分流河道砂微相。四川盆地须家河组的须二、四段巨厚且大面积分布的砂岩是由三角洲平原各分支河道(分支河道砂)、前缘河口进积型(河口坝砂)和退积型沉积(水进河床砂)反复叠加,加上河道侧向迁移摆动与各个三角洲体相互拼接连片而成的。水进型三角洲多形成于湖、海水面上升期,地壳运动、气候变化、特殊地质事件、地形地貌以及沉积速率等都可能引起水面升降,当水面上升时常常形成水进型沉积。

水进型扇三角洲优质储层分布规律探讨

始新统流沙港组一段是南海北部湾盆地主要的含油层系之一,主要发育断陷湖盆水进型扇三角洲沉积储层,这种类型的储层具有砂体分布范围有限,产能变化大,非均质性强的特点,如何寻找优质储层是研究难点之一。本文从沉积微相成因分析的研究入手,总结不同期次不同沉积微相的特点,进一步将主要的水下分流河道微相根据研究需要细分为近物源端、远物源端和分支水道,在此基础上对物性影响因素进行统计分析,揭示在不同沉积微相影响物性主控因素,最后对研究区优质储层的空间分布特征和规律进行探讨,有效指导该油田下一步的开发工作。

胜坨地区沙河街组沙四上亚段砂砾岩体沉积相与油气分布

胜坨地区沙四上亚段发育了以砂砾岩扇体为主的沉积体系,在深水区存在各种浊积砂砾岩体。本文在岩心观察和描述的基础上,结合测井等资料,对胜坨地区沙四上亚段砂砾岩体的沉积特征进行了研究,并分析了其油气分布特征。结果表明胜坨地区沙四上亚段在同生断层的下降盘主要发育水进型扇三角洲沉积体系,同时还广泛发育了重力流水道和滑塌浊积扇等浊积砂砾岩体。该区各类砂砾岩油藏在平面上由洼陷中心向边缘相带依次分布岩性油气藏—构造油气藏—地层油气藏,油气分布明显受沉积相控制,不同的相带储层物性差异明显。扇三角洲扇中部位储集物性较好,为油气聚集有利相带;滑塌浊积扇和重力流水道等浊积岩体次之;扇三角洲扇根、扇端则因储集物性较差,含油气性较差。此外,继承性深洼陷与岩性的分区性对油气分布有较大的影响。

滨南地区沙河街组沙四纯上亚段砂砾岩体沉积相特征及沉积模式

通过大量的岩心观察描述和分析工作,结合大量测井、录井等资料,对滨南地区沙四纯上亚段的砂砾岩体沉积特征进行详细研究,认为研究区临近滨县凸起的南部陡坡带发育水进型扇三角洲沉积,中南部的平方王潜山带及西部近岸发育了滩坝沉积。水进型扇三角洲发育于北部陡坡带的断层下降盘,缺乏向上变粗的层序,形成于湖盆扩张的水进阶段。滩坝于研究区西部滨浅湖沿岸线或围绕平方王潜山带发育,砂体规模较小,多为透镜状砂体。

Application of Computer Simulation in the Reservoir Flood Control

[Objective] To discuss the application of simulation technique in preliminary solution of reservoir flood control of.[Method] Based on the study of river system simulation theory,the InfoWorks RS system was adopted to build a digital analog model for flood routing in certain river system and the flood discharge was analyzed with the check criterion.[Result] The flood information system based on InfoWorks RS simulated the inundation of downstream during flood discharge and drew mutation pictures to indicate how hydraulic parameters of maximum runoff at each control section,runoff of each control section and flow velocity varied with time,how hydraulic elements mutated with time as well as the most likely inundated area analysis of lower reservoir.[Conclusion] To provide references for reducing serious loss caused by flood and making out preliminary solution to flood control.

Dam-break Modeling in Alpine Valleys

Dam-break analysis is of great importance in mountain environment,especially where reservoirs are located upstream of densely populated areas and hydraulic hazard should be assessed for land planning purposes.Accordingly,there is a need to identify suitable operative tools which may differ from the ones used in flat flood-prone areas.This paper shows the results provided by a 1D and a 2D model based on the Shallow Water Equations(SWE) for dam-break wave propagation in alpine regions.The 1D model takes advantage of a topographic toolkit that includes an algorithm for pre-processing the Digital Elevation Model(DEM) and of a novel criterion for the automatic cross-section space refinement.The 2D model is FLO-2D,a commercial software widely used for flood routing in mountain areas.In order to verify the predictive effectiveness of these numerical models,the test case of the Cancano dam-break has been recovered from the historical study of De Marchi(1945),which provides a unique laboratory data set concerning the consequences of the potential collapse of the former Cancano dam(Northern Italy).The measured discharge hydrograph at the dam also provides the data to test a simplified method recently proposed for the characterization of the hydrograph following a sudden dam-break.

Process optimization of an industrial acetic acid dehydration progress via heterogeneous azeotropic distillation

The simulated process model of the HAc dehydration process under actual overloaded condition was conducted by amending the model of standard condition in our previous work using the process data collected from actual production. Based on the actual process model, the operation optimization analysis of each plant(HAc dehydration column, decanter and NPA recycle column) was conducted using Residue Curve Maps(RCMs),sensitivity analysis and software optimization module. Based on the optimized parameters, the influence of feed impurity MA and the temperature of decanter on the separating effect and energy consumption of the whole process were analyzed. Then the whole process operation optimizing strategy was proposed with the objective that the total reboiler duty Q Total of C-1 and C-3 reaches the minimum value, keeping C-1 and C-3 at their optimized separation parameters obtained above, connecting all the broken recycle and connection streams, and using the temperature of D-1 as operation variable. The optimization result shows that the total reboiler duty Q Total of the whole process can reach the minimum value of 128.32 × 10~6 k J·h^(-1) when the temperature of decanter is 352.35 K, and it can save 5.94 × 10~6 k J·h^(-1), about 2.56 t·h^(-1) low-pressure saturated vapor.

Development and Experimental Evaluation of a Steady-state Model for the Step-feed Biological Nitrogen Removal Process

In this article,a steady-state mathematical model was developed and experimentally evaluated to inves- tigate the effect of influent flow distribution and volume ratios of anoxic and aerobic zones in each stage on the to- tal nitrogen concentration of the effluent in the step-feed biological nitrogen removal process.Unlike the previous modeling methods,this model can be used to calculate the removal rates of ammonia and nitrate in each stage and thereby predict the concentrations of ammonia,nitrate,and total nitrogen in the effluent.To verify the simulation results,pilot-scale experimental studies were carried out in a four-stage step feed process.Good correlations were achieved between the measured data and the simulation results,which proved the validity of the developed model. The sensitivity of the model predictions was analyzed.After verification of the validity,the step feed process was optimally operated for five months using the model and the criteria developed for the design and operation.During the pilot-scale experimental period,the effluent total nitrogen concentrations were all below 5mg·L -1 ,with more than 90%removal efficiency.

Analysis and optimization of heat loss for water-cooled furnace roller

A heat transfer model of furnace roller cooling process was established based on analysis of furnace roller＇s structure. The complicated model was solved with iteration planning algorithm based on Newton search. The model is proved logical and credible by comparing calculated results and measured data. Then, the relationship between water flow velocity, inlet water temperature, furnace temperature and roller cross section temperature, outlet water temperature, water temperature rise, cooling water heat absorption was studied. The conclusions and recommendations are mainly as follows： l） Cooling water temperature rise decreases with the increase of water flow velocity, but it has small relationship with inlet water temperature; 2） In order to get little water scale, inlet water temperature should be controlled below 30 ℃. 3） The cooling water flow velocity should be greater than critical velocity. The critical velocity is 0.07 m/s and water flow velocity should be controlled within 0.4-0.8 m/s. Within this velocity range, water cooling efficiency is high and water temperature rise is little. If cooling water velocity increases again, heat loss will increase, leading to energy wasting.

Ammonium Ion Adsorption and Settleability Improvement Achieved in a Synthetic Zeolite-Amended Activated Sludge

Municipal wastewater treatment plants typically exhibit two classic problems： high ammonium concen- tration in water after conventional biological treatment and, in some cases, poor activated sludge sediment ability. Potential solutions to these problems were investigated by adding a synthetic zeolite obtained from coal fly ash to different steps of activated sludge treatment. The experimental results for ammonium removal fit well with the theoretical adsorption isotherms of the Freundlich model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 13.72 mg.g-＇. Utiliza- tion of this kind of zeolite to improve activated sludge sediment ability is studied for the first time in this work. It is found that the addition of the zeolite （1 g. L-1） to an activated sludge with settling problems significantly enhances its sediment ability and comoact ability. This is confirmed by the sludge volume index （SVI）, which was reduced from 163 ml.g-1 to 70 ml.g-r, the V60 value, which was reduced from 894 ml.L-1 to 427 ml.L-1, and the zeta poten- tial （0, which was reduced from -19.81 mV to -14.29 mV. The results indicate that the addition of this synthetic zeolite to activated sludge, as an additional waste management practice, has a positive impact on both ammonium removal and sludge settleability.

Validation of the Monte Carlo Model Designed to Simulate the Neutronic Characteristics of Advanced Boiling Water Reactor Assembly

In the last few years, interest in burnup calculations using Monte Carlo methods has increased. Previous burnup codes have used diffusion theory for the neutronic portion of the codes. Diffusion theory works well for most reactors. However, diffusion theory does not produce accurate results in burnup problems that include strong absorbers or large voids. MCNPX code based on Mont Carlo Method, is used to design a three dimensional model for a BWR fuel assembly in a typical operating temperature and pressure conditions. A test case was compared with a benchmark problem and good agreement was found. The model is used to calculate the distribution of pin by pin power and flux inside the assembly. The effect of axial variation of water （coolant） density, and of control rods motion on the neutron flux and power distribution is analyzed. The effect of addition of Gd2O3 to natural uranium （0.711%） on both the thermal neutron flux and normalized power are analyzed. The concentration of U^235, U^238, Pu^239, and its isotopes is also calculated at burn-up 50 GWD/T.

Coupled Seepage and Heat Transfer Intake Model

In the beach well intake system, heat is transferred from soil to fluid when seawater is filtered through the aquifer, providing higher temperature source water to the seawater source heat pump (SWHP) system in winter. A 3-D coupled seepage and heat transfer model for studying beach well intake system is established by adopting the computer code FLUENT. Numerical results of this model are compared with the experimental results under the same conditions. Based on the experiment-verified coupled model, numerical simulation of the supply water tem-perature is studied over a heating season. Results show that the minimum temperature of supply water is 275.2 K when this intake system continuously provides seawater with flow rate of 35 m3/h to SWHP. Results also indicate that the supply water temperature is higher than seawater, and that the minimum temperature of supply water lags behind seawater, ensuring effective and reliable operation of SWHP.

A 10bit 100MS/s Pipelined ADC with an Improved 1.5bit/Stage Architecture

This paper presents a 10bit 100MS/s CMOS pipelined analog-to-digital converter （ADC） based on an improved 1.5bit/stage architecture. The ADC achieves a peak signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio （SNDR） of 57dB and maintains 51dB up to 57MHz, the Nyquist frequency for a clock rate of 100Msample/s. The differential non-linearity （DNL） and integral non-linearity （INL） are typically measured as 0.3LSB and 1.0LSB, respectively. The ADC is implemented in a 0.18μm mixed-signal CMOS technology and occupies 0.76mm^2.

Flood routing model incorporating intensive streambed infiltration

Flood routing models are critical to flood forecasting and confluence calculations. In the streams that dry up and disconnect from groundwater, the streambed infiltration is intensive and has a significant effect on flood wave movement. Streambed infiltration should be considered in flood routing. A flood routing model incorporating intensive streambed infiltration is proposed. In the model a streambed infiltration simulation method based on soil infiltration theory is developed. In this method the Horton equation is used to calculate infiltration capacity. A trial-and-error method is developed to calculate infiltration rate and determine whether the flood wave can travel downstream. A formula is derived to calculate infiltration flow per unit length. The Muskingum-Cunge method with streambed infiltration flow as lateral outflow is used for flood routing. The proposed model is applied to the stream from the downstream of the Yuecheng Reservoir to the Caixiaozhuang Hydrometric Station in the Zhangwei River of the Haihe River Basin. Simulation results show that the accuracy of the model is high, and the infiltration simulation method can represent infiltration processes well. The proposed model is simple and practical for flood simulation and forecasting, and can be used in river confluence calculations in a rainfall-runoff model for arid and semiarid regions.