水醇溶性小分子卟啉衍生物的合成及其在聚合物太阳电池中的应用

设计合成了Por-N,Por-NBr,Por-Cu-N和Por-Cu-NBr四种水醇溶性小分子卟啉衍生物.对这类卟啉小分子衍生物的紫外可见吸收光谱研究表明,基于金属铜配位的卟啉小分子衍生物较未配位化合物有微弱的蓝移.循环伏安法对这类小分子卟啉衍生物的研究表明,基于金属铜配合物的卟啉衍生物的最高占有分子轨道能级均没有明显变化.采用空间电荷限制电流方法对小分子卟啉衍生物的研究表明,基于金属铜配位的卟啉小分子衍生物的电子迁移率得到明显提高.以聚合物PCE10为给体材料,富勒烯衍生物PC71BM为受体材料,以及合成的小分子卟啉衍生物为阴极界面层制备了结构为ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PCE10:PC71BM/卟啉小分子衍生物/Al的聚合物太阳电池器件.器件研究结果表明,化合物Por-NBr,Por-Cu-N与Por-Cu-NBr作为电子传输层的器件的光电转换效率达到9%以上,其中以Por-Cu-N作为阴极界面层的器件达到的最高效率为9.12%,相应器件的短路电流密度,开路电压以及填充因子分别为16.91 m A·cm-2,0.79 V和68.1%.表明这类水醇溶性小分子卟啉衍生物作为聚合物太阳电池的阴极界面层有着广阔的应用前景.

The Swelling Equilibria of N-isopropylacrylamide Based Hydrogel in Aqueous Solution of Ethanol

N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) was used to synthesize NIPAAm homopolymer (nonionized) and NIPAAm-sodium methacrylate copolymer (ionized). The swelling equilibria for both gels were obtained in aqueous solution of ethanol with concentration ranging from 0 to 100%(by mass) at 25℃. The swollen gel in water shrank first with the addition of a small amount of ethanol and then reswelled with further addition of ethanol showing not only a discontinuous volume phase transition but also a typical reentrant phenomenon. A thermodynamic model based on the UNIQUAC with the 'free-volume' contribution was applied to correlate and predict the swelling behavior of the poly(NIPAAM)-gels in ethanol-water mixture.

Excess Molar Volume, Viscosity and Heat Capacity for the Mixture of 1,2-Propanediol-Water at Different Temperatures

Experimental densities, viscosities and heat capacities at different temperatures were presented over the entire mole fraction range for the binary mixture of 1,2-propanediol and water. Density values were used in the determination of excess molar volumes, VE. At the same time, the excess viscosity was investigated. The values of VE and E were fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation. Good agreement was observed. The excess volumes are negative over the entire range of composition. They show an U-shaped-concentration dependence and decrease in absolute values with increase of temperature. Values of E are negative over the entire range of the composition, and has a trend very similar to that of VE . The analysis shows that at any temperature the specific heat of mixture is a linear function of the composition as x1 > 20%. All the extended lines intersect at one point. An empirical equation is obtained to calculate the specific heat to mixture at any composition and temperature in the experimental range.

Corrosion protection of AZ91 magnesium alloy in cooling systems

The effect of a salicylic Schiff base componnd （Salcn） on the corrosion of AZ91 alloy in 30% ethylene glycol aqueous solution （30% EG/W） was investigated by electrochemical methods. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the alloy surface in corrosive solution before and after the addition of inhibitor. There was no significant corrosion inhibition at the room temperature but high inhibition efficiencies were obtained at elevated temperatures due to the formation of chemisorbed inhibitor monolayer. As the inhibitor concentration increased, the inhibition efficiency increased probably due to more inhibitor adsorption on the alloy surface.

Volumetric and Viscometric Studies of 4-Aminobutyric Acid in Aqueous Solutions of Salbutamol Sulphate at 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15K

Density （ρ） and viscosity （η） measurements were carried out for 4-aminobutyric acid in 0.0041,0.0125 and 0.0207 mol·L-1 aqueous salbutamol sulphate at T=308.15,313.15 and 318.15K.The measured values of density and viscosity were used to estimate some important parameters such as apparent molar volume Vφ,limiting apparent molar volume Vφ0,transfer volume △Vφ0,hydration number Hn,second derivative of infinite dilution of partial molar volume with temperature 2Vφ0/T2,viscosity B-coefficients,variation of B with temperature dB/dT,free energy of activation per mole of solvent △μ10＊ and solute △μ20＊,activation entropy △S20＊ and activation enthalpy △H20＊ of the amino acids.These parameters have been interpreted in terms of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions and structure making/breaking ability of solutes in the given solution.

Distribution and transformation behaviors of heavy metals during liquefaction process of sewage sludge in ethanol-water mixed solvents

Liquefaction of sewage sludge(SS)in ethanol-water cosolvents is a promising process for the preparation of bio-oil/biochar products.Effect of the combined use of ethanol and water on the distribution/transformation behaviors of heavy metals(HMs)contained in raw SS is a key issue on the safety and cleanness of above liquefaction process,which is explored in this study.The results show that pure ethanol facilitates the migration of HMs into biochar products.Pure water yields lower percentages of HMs in mobile/bioavailable speciation.Compared with sole solvent treatment,ethanol-water cosolvent causes a random/average effect on the distribution/transformation behaviors of HMs.After liquefaction of SS in pure water,the contamination degree of HMs is mitigated from high level(25.8(contamination factor))in raw SS to considerable grade(13.4)in biochar and the ecological risk is mitigated from moderate risk(164.5(risk index))to low risk(78.8).Liquefaction of SS in pure ethanol makes no difference to the pollution characteristics of HMs.The combined use of ethanol and water presents similar immobilization effects on HMs to pure water treatment.The contamination factor and risk index of HMs in biochars obtained in ethanol-water cosolvent treatment are 13.1-14.6(considerable grade)and 79.3-101.0(low risk),respectively.In order to further control the pollution of HMs,it is preferentially suggested to improve the liquefaction process of SS in ethanol-water mixed solvents by introducing conventional lignocellulosic/algal biomass,also known as co-liquefaction treatment.

A rapid one-step electrodeposition process for fabrication of superhydrobic surfaces on anode and cathode

This work presents a method to solve the weak solubility of zinc chloride(ZnCl_2) in the ethanol by adding some reasonable water into an ethanol electrolyte containing ZnCl_2 and myristic acid(CH_3(CH_2)_(12)COOH).A rapid one-step electrodeposition process was developed to fabricate anodic(2.5 min) and cathodic(40 s) superhydrophobic surfaces of copper substrate(contact angle more than 150°) in an aqueous ethanol electrolyte.Morphology,composition,chemical structure and superhydrophobicity of these superhydrophobic surfaces were investigated by SEM,FTIR,XRD,and contact angle measurement,respectively.The results indicate that water ratio of the electrolyte can reduce the required deposition time,superhydrophobic surface needs over 30 min with anhydrous electrolyte,while it needs only 2.5 min with electrolyte including 10 mL water,and the maximum contact angle of anodic surface is 166° and that of the cathodic surface is 168°.Two copper electrode surfaces have different reactions in the process of electrodeposition time,and the anodic copper surface covers copper myristate(Cu[CH_3(CH_2)_(12)COO]_2) and cupric chloride(CuCl);while,zinc myristate(Zn[CH_3(CH_2)_(12)COO]_2) and pure zinc(Zn) appear on the cathodic surface.

Effect of Mono- and Di-ethanolammonium Formate Ionic Liquids on the Volatility of Water, Ethanol, and Methanol

Vapor pressures were measured for six binary systems containing water, ethanol, or methanol with one of the two ionic liquids(ILs) at different component concentrations and temperatures using a quasi-static ebulliometer,with the ILs mono-ethanolammonium formate([HMEA][HCOO]) and di-ethanolammonium formate([HDEA][HCOO]).The vapor pressures of the IL-containing binary systems are well correlated using the NRTL model with an overall average absolute relative deviation(AARD) of 0.0062. The effect of ILs on the vapor pressure depression of solvents at 0.050 mole fraction of IL is that [HDEA][HCOO]>[HMEA][HCOO], and the vapor pressure lowering degree follows the order of water>methanol>ethanol. Further, the activity coefficients of three solvents(viz. water,ethanol, and methanol) for the binary systems {solvent(1) + IL(2)} predicted based on the fitted NRTL parameters at T 333.15 K indicate that the two ILs generate a negative deviation from Raoult's law for water and methanol and a positive deviation for ethanol to a varying degree, change the relative volatility of a solvent. [HMEA][HCOO]may be a promising entrainer to efficiently separate ethanol aqueous solutions by special rectification.

Measurement and Correlation of Solubility for Propylene in 2-Butanol+Water Solutions

In order to obtain solubility data of propylene in 2-butanol+water solutions, gas-liquid equilibrium(GLE) experiment was carried out at 303.15--333.15 K, 0.3-1.2 MPa with static equilibrium still. Original mass ratios of 2-butanol to water are 1:0，9:1,8:2 and 7:3, respectively. The equilibrium data are correlated with an empirical correlation. The average relative deviation (ARD) between experimental and calculated values is 2.15%,and the maximum relative deviation (MRD) is less than 5%.

Process Characteristics of CO2 Absorption by Aqueous Monoethanolamine in a Microchannel Reactor

Process characteristics of CO2 absorption using aqueous monoethanolamine （MEA） in a microchannel reactor were investigated experimentally in this work. A T-type rectangular microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 408μm was used. Operating parameters, i.e. temperature, pressure and molar ratio of MEA to CO2 were studied. Under 3 MPa pressure, the mole fraction of CO2 in gaslphase could decrease from 32.3% to 300×10-6 at least when gas hourly space velocity ranged from 14400 to 68600 h- and molar ratio of MEA to CO2 was kept at 2.2. In particular, the effects of temperature on CO2 absorption flux, mass transfer driving force, gas-liquid contact time and en- hancement factor were analyzed in detail and found that mass transfer enhancement by chemical reaction was a crucial factor for the orocess of CO9 absorotion.

Heat Transfer Properties and Chaotic Analysis of Parallel Type Pulsating Heat Pipe

The refrigerant mixture of ethanol aqueous was applied to the parallel type pulsating heat pipe (PHP). The operation characteristics of the PHP were analyzed by means of experiment and nonlinear chaotic theory. Moreover, the relationship between the running state and attractor was described. The results indicate that starting power, stable running power and dry burning transition power are about 64.08 W, 148.68 W and 234.0 W respectively. The cycle and amplitude of PHP initially decrease and then increase with the increasing power. However, the data are welldistributed in a certain range. The running state is in agreement with the attractors, and the changing process for attractors is as follows: the attractors first disperse in the whole phase space, then present mass status, and finally show band distribution.

A New Method to Solve Film Model for CO_2 Absorption with Aqueous Solution of AT-Methyldiethanolamine

The shooting method and the difference method are used for numerical simulation of CO2 absorption with aqueous solution of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). It is demonstrated that these methods are available for the steady-state model, which may be expressed as a set of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) with two-point boundary values. This method makes it possible not only to obtain the concentration profiles for MDEA system, but also to reveal the effect of CO2 interfacial concentration on the enhancement factor. With this numerical simulation, the mass transfer process with multicomponent diffusion and reactions can be better understood.

Pretreatment of Isopropanol Solution from Pharmaceutical Industry and Pervaporation Dehydration by NaA Zeolite Membranes

NaA zeolite membranes with 80 cm in length and 12.8 mm in outer diameter were prepared by our research group cooperating with Nanjing Jiusi Hi-Tech Co., China. The influence of dissolved inorganic salts and pH value in the feed of isopropanol （IPA） solution on NaA zeolite membranes was investigated. It was found that both factors exhibited strong influence on the stability of NaA zeolite membranes. A set of pretreatment steps such as pH adjustment and distillation of the IPA solution were proposed to improve stability for pervaporation dehydration. An industrial-scale pervaporation facility with 52 m2 membrane area was built to dehydrate IPA solution from industrial cephalosporin production. The facility was continuously operated at 368-378 K to dehydrate IPA solution from water mass content of 15%-20% to less than 2% with a feed flow rate of 400-500 L·h^-1 and an average water flux of 1-1.5 kg·m^-2·h-1. The successful application of this facility suggested a promising application of NaA zeolite mem-brane for IPA recovery from pharmaceutical production.

Effect of Zn content on tensile and electrochemical properties of 3003 Al alloy

The effect of Zn addition on the microstructure, tensile properties and electrochemical properties of as-annealed 3003 Al alloy was investigated through TEM observations, tensile tests and Tafel polarization analysis. High density precipitates are observed in the Zn-containing alloys and the alloy with 1.8% Zn addition also has rod-like precipitates. Tensile test results indicate that Zn has a great effect on tensile strength of 3003 Al alloy. The alloy with 1.5% Zn addition has the highest ultimate tensile strength. The electrochemical results indicate that Zn addition to 3003 Al alloy also has great impact on the corrosion potential of the 3003 A1 alloy in 0.5% NaCl solution and ethylene glycol-water solution. The corrosion potential varies with the Zn content and shifts negatively.

Synthesis and Separation Performance of Y-type Zeolite Membranes by Pre-Seeding Using Electrophoresis Deposition Method

Y-type zeolite membranes were synthesized by a two-step approach in which a particle seed layer was prepared by electrophoresis deposition(EPD) at first, followed by densification through secondary growth. The pre-seeding adopted the directing agent for Y-type zeolite synthesis serving as seeds. The effects of aging time of the directing agent, electrophoresis voltage and electrophoresis deposition time on seed layers quality as well as the quality of zeolite membranes were investigated. The results indicated that the zeolite seeds derived from the directing agent could be evenly deposited on substrate under certain EPD conditions. The XRD patterns of the seeded substrates after the secondary growth showed that the pure as-synthesized Y-type zeolite membranes had successfully grown on the substrates. The SEM images indicated that the substrate was covered by the highly intergrown zeolite crystals when the seeding solution employed the directing agent with an aging time of 2 days. The separation performance of zeolite membrane was evaluated using a CO_2/N2 mixture(with a mole ratio of 1:1) at different temperatures. Furthermore, the pervaporation measurements were carried out for the dehydration of isopropanol aqueous solutions with different mass fractions. The as-synthesized Y-type zeolite membranes exhibited a relatively high selectivity of water from isopropanol and sustainable permeation flux.

Phase Separation Behavior of Cocamidopropyl Betaine/Water/Polyethylene Glycol System

Phase separation behavior of cocamidopropyl betaine/water/polyethylene glycol （PEG） system was studied. The effects of concentration and molecular weight of PEG on the phase separation behavior were investigated. Clouding occurred when the concentration of PEG was large enough in the betaine aqueous solution, and the concentration of PEG at cloud point decreased with the increase of PEG molecular weight for a constant betaine concentration. The bottom phase was the PEG-rich phase, and the upper phase was the betaine-rich phase. The volumetric ratio of PEG-rich phase to betaine-rich phase, at the same difference between the PEG concentration and the one at the cloud poim, △Ccp （0.1 g.ml^-1）, decreased as the PEG molecular weight increased and approached 1 for higher PEG molecular Weiglai （about 20000）, which was similar to the typicai-aqueous two-phase system. This volumetric ratio depended on the initial PEG concentration, but independent of PEG molecular weight. The concentration ratio of betaine to PEG in both phases depended on the △Ccp independent of PEG molecular weight.

One-Stage Technology for Production of Concentrated Ethylene Glycol-Water Solutions （Automotive Antifreeze）

The reactor unit for one-stage technology for production of concentrated ethylene glycol-water solutions is described.Such solutions could be useful for production of automotive antifreezes. The technology is based on the highly selective hydration ofethylene oxide in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst-anion-exchange resin in HCO3-/CO/3/2-_form. The mathematical model of reactor allowed evaluating of economical benefit in comparison with conventional method.

Measurement and Correlation of Solubility for Propylene in 2-Propanol-Water Solutions

In order to obtain the solubility data of propylene in 2-propanol-water solutions, gas-liquid equilibrium (GLE) experiments were carried out at 303.15-333.15 K, 0.27-0.98 MPa in a static equilibrium still. The original mass ratio of 2-propanol to water was 9∶1,8∶2,7∶3,1∶0, respectively. The equilibrium data were correlated with an empirical model and the regression of model parameters was completed by Gauss-Newton nonlinear least square (NLS). The average relative deviation (ARD) between the experimental and calculated value is 1.570 0, and the maximum relative deviation (MRD) is 4.820 0. In addition, a simple approach that correlated the model parameters with the system composition was also provided.

Effect of Extractive-Dissolving Treatment on the Characteristics of Laminated Wood Assembled from Oily Keruing Wood

Utilization of oily keruing wood for laminated wood product has not been optimal yet because of the appearance of extractive substance as oil on wood surface and hence disturbing the bonding process. A study has been conducted by manufacturing laminated wood from oily keruing wood （Dipterocarpus hasseltii） after extracting its oil by boiling the wood in the mixture of water and ethanol solution in several proportions. The assessment on the treated wood and the resulting laminated wood covered some characteristics i.e., wettability, static bending, bonding strength, ethanol-water solution can improve wetting properties significantly and delamination. The results show that boiling treatment in The extractive does not affect mechanical characteristics of the laminated wood. Increasing of water proportion in ethanol-water solution causes the decreasing of the bonding strength and increasing delamination value of the laminated wood. The result also shows that oily keruing wood after the treatment can be used as material for laminated wood.

Removal of mercaptans from light oils using ionic liquid–NaOH aqueous solution as extractants

The application of ionic liquids as alternatives to conventional organic solvents in the extraction process has been investigated. In the present study, fourteen species of imidazolium-based ionic liquids were added into the NaOH （aq） to remove the mercaptans. The influences of anion species and cation alkyl chain length of the imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the performance of mercaptan removal from light oils have been discussed. The efficiency of extraction for mercaptans exhibited the order of [Ac]- 〉 [OH]- [Br]- 〉 [BF4]-. The longer alkyl chain imidazolium-based ionic liquids contributed to enhance desulfurization rate of l-butyl mercaptan. 100% desulfurization rate of l-butyl mercaptan was achieved by the anion of Ac- ionic liquids and NaOH （aq） at a volume ratio of 40：1 （V（oil]：Vfionic liouid）） and a short eouilibrium time within 10 min.