对扶余县地下水资源评价水量评定有关问题的探讨

扶余县地处江河环绕的河间地块,地域的特殊性,带来地下水补给的多样性,决定水量评定的复杂性。来文主要从降水渗入补给,江河水侧向补给、激发夺取江河水量三方面进行探讨,目的是尽可能对可开采资源量的评定客观、恰当。

Assessment of Water Losses from Badovc Lake, Kosovo： Hydrochemical Implications

This paper aims to quantitatively assess water losses of Badovc Lake-Kosovo based on both water balance of the lake and water hydrochemistry. This attempt was strongly prompt by both the importance of this lake for water supply of Prishtina city and the lack of water. According to lake water balance, a water loss of 3,738,905 m^3 and 1,722,552 m^3 for the hydrologic year 2014 and the period January-May （2015） was evaluated. These consistent data favour the opinion that a continuous groundwater outflow from the lake is present and it is conditioned by the intensively developed fracture system in the lake basement formations. This was also supported by the chemical data （chloride, sulphate, hardness and electric conductivity etc.） of the water. Water from the leakages on the right side of the dam shows the same chemical signature as the water from the lake. Whereas, water from the piezometer, monitoring well and the gallery of Hajvalia mine show similar values with those of the water from the lake. The calculations of the chloride mass balance showed that the fractions of lake and rainfall waters in the water mixture of Hajvalia mine were 67% and 33% respectively.

Climate Change Risk Research: A Case Study on Flood Disaster Risk in China

This paper discusses theories and methods of climate change risk studies for the research expansion in China. Climate change risks consist of three basic components including sensitivity, exposure, and possibility. Uncertainty, future events, damages, and relativity are the major features of climate change risk. Climate change risk research includes two key steps: risk assessment and risk management, the former is the process, and the latter is the ultimate goal which is the basis for actions to address climate change. We present the main framework and methods for climate change risk research. A case study on China's floods risk is taken as an example of climate change risk study. Finally, we point out main aspects of climate change risk research, including ensemble-based probabilistic projection, quantitative risk assessment, risk zoning and mapping, and risk management.

Quantitative characterization and comprehensive evaluation of regional water resources using the Three Red Lines method

Based on the synergetic development of new industrialization, rapid urbanization and agricultural modernization(IUAM), and from the viewpoint of interactive relationships between water resources and regional population, eco-environment, economy and society, the concepts of water resources intensity(WRI), water environment intensity(WEI), water resources relative efficiency(WRRE) and water environment relative efficiency(WERE) are defined with reference to energy intensity, resources efficiency and environment efficiency theory. On the basis of benchmarking theory, the quantitative characterization and evaluation method of "Three Red Lines"(the upper limit of water resources allocation, the baseline of utilization efficiency of water resources and the upper limit of sewage discharge) is proposed. According to these concepts and models, an empirical analysis of the Three Red Lines of water resources on the Chinese mainland between 2003 and 2012 was carried out. The results showed that total water consumption in eastern, central and western parts of China possesses "club convergence" characteristics, which means these areas have similar internal conditions appeared convergence in the development. Inter-provincial differences in water consumption continue to decrease, but the north–south differentiation characteristics in the eastern and central regions were still relatively obvious, while provincial differences in the eastern part were at a minimum and the central region had the largest. Water Resources Efficiency(WRE) of all four sectors in the Southwest rivers and Huaihe River basins were generally high. Industrial WRRE in the Songhua River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, agricultural WRRE in the Songhua River, Yellow River and northwestern river basins and domestic WRRE in the Liaohe River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins were all low. Eco-environmental WRRE in the southeastern rivers and Yangtze River basins were low but showed an upward trend. Other river basins, except for the Northwestern rivers basin, had high eco-environmental WRRE with a downward trend. Western China, especially the northwestern part,had a low relative intensity of the water environment(WERI) and high integrated water environment management(IWEM) performance, but the relative intensities of the water resources(WRRI) were fairly high, and the comprehensive performance of integrated water resources management(IWRM) in these regions was low. In southern China, especially the southeastern part, the IWEM was fairly high, but the overall IWRM was lower.

Emergy footprint evaluation of hydropower projects

In the past thirty years, various hydropower projects, some with a dam height of over 300 m, have been planned and constructed within China. It is inevitable that these will have sizable effects on the environment, and it is crucial therefore to reasonably evaluate and control adverse effects. In this paper, the transformities of various items for hydropower projects were systematically analyzed, and an emergy footprint model for the projects was developed based on ecological footprint analyses and emergy theory, so that it can quantitatively evaluate the effects on the environment, both positive and negative, resulting from the whole process of planning, constructing and operating the projects. As an example, the effects of a large-scale hydropower project, the 'LP project', were investigated. The results showed that the hydropower projects have strong positive effects on the environment and can even in the short term balance the emergy footprint appropriation resulting from the construction and operation of the hydropower projects. Finally, suggestions were presented for the design of hydropower projects.

Parametric sensitivity analysis of precipitation and temperature based on multi-uncertainty quantification methods in the Weather Research and Forecasting model

Sensitivity analysis(SA) has been widely used to screen out a small number of sensitive parameters for model outputs from all adjustable parameters in weather and climate models, helping to improve model predictions by tuning the parameters. However, most parametric SA studies have focused on a single SA method and a single model output evaluation function, which makes the screened sensitive parameters less comprehensive. In addition, qualitative SA methods are often used because simulations using complex weather and climate models are time-consuming. Unlike previous SA studies, this research has systematically evaluated the sensitivity of parameters that affect precipitation and temperature simulations in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model using both qualitative and quantitative global SA methods. In the SA studies, multiple model output evaluation functions were used to conduct various SA experiments for precipitation and temperature. The results showed that five parameters(P3, P5, P7, P10, and P16) had the greatest effect on precipitation simulation results and that two parameters(P7 and P10) had the greatest effect for temperature. Using quantitative SA, the two-way interactive effect between P7 and P10 was also found to be important, especially for precipitation. The microphysics scheme had more sensitive parameters for precipitation, and P10(the multiplier for saturated soil water content) was the most sensitive parameter for both precipitation and temperature. From the ensemble simulations, preliminary results indicated that the precipitation and temperature simulation accuracies could be improved by tuning the respective sensitive parameter values, especially for simulations of moderate and heavy rain.