天府永藏之宫廷紫砂 五福五代堂

本套紫砂壶,即以乾隆皇帝御题"五福五代堂"之匾额命名,寓意福寿双全,子孙昌盛。精选乾隆、嘉庆、道光、咸丰等清代宫廷紫砂壶之代表作品为模本,采用黄龙山上等原矿泥料,由故宫博物院专家监制,由具二十年以上工艺经验的国家级工艺美术师团队制作而成。壶身光素,壶外底题有乾隆"五福五代堂"印玺文字,内底钤"天府永藏"四字篆书印,泥料考究,制作精美,外盒选用金丝柚木,祥云如意纹白铜包角,富贵端庄。以乾隆皇帝"五福五代堂"命名的这套紫砂壶,深得宫廷紫砂之精髓,寓意吉祥,福泽深厚,子孙万代,家族昌盛。

故宫博物院与故宫学

1924年11月5日,冯玉祥驱逐逊帝溥仪出宫,之后成立的清室善后委员会点查清宫物品,分清公产、私产,为故宫成为博物院奠定了基础。1925年10月10日故宫博物院的成立是中国博物馆事业走上正轨的开端。故宫博物院的发展历程充满坎坷和波折,故宫文物南迁创造了第二次世界大战中保护人类文化遗产的奇迹。郑欣淼著《天府永藏———两岸故宫博物院文物藏品概述》对故宫文物的聚合、流散和回归作了清晰的叙述,理清了两座故宫博物院皇家旧藏的来龙去脉与现状,全面论述了两岸故宫博物院文物来源、构成、流播、现状、分类、数量及相关史实。"故宫学"直接面对故宫的文物、古建筑、档案、文献等,是一门把故宫当做一个文化整体的综合研究。故宫的价值从故宫学的视野来重新审视,会有全新的认识。

对话单霁翔:社会教育是现代博物馆的重要职责

在单霁翔看来,要成为世界一流博物馆,故宫博物院需要强化自身的社会教育影响力。

上百万件藏品命运多舛 家底被败了多少?

近代中国文物流失经历过几次大的浪潮：晚清是英法联军和八国联军抢劫;日本侵华方针中,文物掠夺是其重要组成,他们曾专门派本国专家到中国搜罗考察,公开或秘密将大批珍贵文物运回本土;改革开放前的一段时期,国家文物政策只规定清代乾隆以前的文物不能出口。清乾隆以后如嘉庆、道光时期的很多官窑瓷器、书画以极便宜的价格流失海外，也有因为鉴定失误，把明代、清早期文物当成仿制品卖掉的；改革开放后，文物走私泛滥，内地文物走私到中转站香港，随后流散到中国台湾、美国、东南亚，甚至丹麦、荷兰等地。

Studies on frozen ground of China

Permafrost in China includes high latitude permafrost in northeastern China, alpine permafrost in northwestern China and high plateau permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau. The high altitude permafrost is about 92% of the total permafrost area in China. The south boundary or lower limit of the seasonally frozen ground is defined in accordance with the 0 ℃ isothermal line of mean air temperature in January, which is roughly corresponding to the line extending from the Qinling Mountains to the Huaihe River in the east and to the southeast boundary of the Tibetan Plateau in the west. Seasonal frozen ground occurs in large parts of the territory in northern China, including Northeast, North, Northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau except for permafrost regions, and accounting for about 55% of the land area of China. The southern limit of short-term frozen ground generally swings south and north along the 25° northern latitude line, occurring in the wet and warm subtropic monsoon climatic zone. Its area is less than 20% of the land area of China.

Variations in the northern permafrost boundary over the last four decades in the Xidatan region, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

The distribution and variations of permafrost in the Xidatan region, the northern permafrost boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, were examined and analyzed using ground penetrating radar(GPR), borehole drilling, and thermal monitoring data. Results from GPR profiles together with borehole verification indicate that the lowest elevation limit of permafrost occurrence is 4369 m above sea level in 2012. Compared to previous studies, the maximal rise of permafrost limit is 28 m from 1975 to 2012. The total area of permafrost in the study region has been decreased by 13.8%. One of the two previously existed permafrost islands has disappeared and second one has reduced by 76% in area during the past ~40 years. In addition, the ground temperature in the Xidatan region has increased from 2012 to 2016, with a mean warming rate of ~0.004℃ a^(-1) and ~0.003℃ a^(-1) at the depths of 6 and 15 m, respectively. The rising of permafrost limit in the Xidatan region is mainly due to globalwarming. However, some non-climatic factors such as hydrologic processes and anthropic disturbances have also induced permafrost degradation. If the air temperature continues to increase, the northern permafrost boundary in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau may continue rising in the future.

An Estimation of Ground Ice Volumes in Permafrost Layers in North- eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The ground ice content in permafrost serves as one of the dominant properties of permafrost for the study of global climate change, ecology, hydrology and engineering construction in cold regions. This paper initially attempts to assess the ground ice volume in permafrost layers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by considering landform types, the corresponding lithological composition, and the measured water content in various regions. An approximation demonstrating the existence of many similarities in lithological composition and water content within a unified landform was established during the calculations. Considerable knowledge of the case study area, here called the Source Area of the Yellow(Huanghe) River(SAYR) in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has been accumulated related to permafrost and fresh water resources during the past 40 years. Considering the permafrost distribution, extent, spatial distribution of landform types, the ground ice volume at the depths of 3.0–10.0 m below the ground surface was estimated based on the data of 101 boreholes from field observations and geological surveys in different types of landforms in the permafrost region of the SAYR. The total ground ice volume in permafrost layers at the depths of 3.0–10.0 m was approximately(51.68 ± 18.81) km^3, and the ground ice volume per unit volume was(0.31 ± 0.11) m^3/m^3. In the horizontal direction, the ground ice content was higher in the landforms of lacustrine-marshland plains and alluvial-lacustrine plains, and the lower ground ice content was distributed in the erosional platforms and alluvial-proluvial plains. In the vertical direction, the volume of ground ice was relatively high in the top layers(especially near the permafrost table) and at the depths of 7.0–8.0 m. This calculation method will be used in the other areas when the necessary information is available, including landform type, borehole data, and measured water content.

过程真的很美好

水光潋滟,山色空濛,一人独钓,岁月静好。这是我记忆中永藏的美好画卷,无论韶华心灵饱受八面来风的洗礼,还是深陷四面楚歌的窘境,我始终向往钓者的视界,贪享过程的美好.望前路铮铮迷途陷,感学山重重希望渺。入了初三,乱了手脚,凉了心神。

Geochemistry and genesis of authigenic pyrite from gas hydrate accumulation system in the Qilian Mountain permafrost, Qinghai, northwest China

A type of authigenic pyrites that fully fill or semi-fill the rock fractures of drillholes with gas hydrate anomalies are found in the Qilian Mountain permafrost; this type of pyrite is known as ＂fracture-filling＂ pyrite. The occurrence of ＂fracture-filling＂ pyrite has a certain similarity with that of the hydrate found in this region, and the pyrite is generally concentrated in the lower part of the hydrate layer or the hydrate anomaly layer. The morphology, trace elements, rare earth elements, and sulfur isotope analyses of samples from drillhole DK-6 indicate that the ＂fracture-filling＂ pyrites are dominated by cubic ones mainly aligned in a step-like fashion along the surfaces of rock fractures and are associated with a circular structure, lower Co/Ni and Sr/Ba, lower ZREE, higher LREE, significant Eu negative anomalies, and 634ScDT positive bias. In terms of the pyrites＇ unique crys- tal morphology and geochemical characteristics and their relationship with the hydrate layers or abnormal layers, they are closely related with the accumulation system of the gas hydrate in the Qilian Mountain permafrost. As climate change is an important factor in affecting the stability of the gas hydrate, formation of fracture-filling pyrites is most likely closely related to the secondary change of the metastable gas hydrate under the regional climate warming. The distribution intensity of these py- rites indicates that when the gas hydrate stability zone （GHSZ） is narrowing, the hydrate decomposition at the bottom of the GHSZ is stronger than that at the top of the GHSZ, whereas the hydrate decomposition within the GHSZ is relatively weak. Thus, the zone between the shallowest and the deepest distribution of the fracture-filling pyrite recorded the largest possible original GHSZ.