江河型城市湿地公园生态规划设计——以陇南滨江生态湿地公园为例

江河是城市中独特的自然景观,也是城市生态系统不可缺少的组成部分,江河型城市湿地公园既能够维持城市生态,又能够为城市居民营造良好的景观环境,因此保护江河型城市湿地生物的多样性和保障江河型城市居民生活空间有着非常重要的意义。本文以陇南滨江生态湿地公园为例,通过连通湿地水系、恢复湿地完整性等修复保护措施,从纵向、横向、竖向三维度探讨江河型城市湿地公园的规划与设计。

德宏水牛和摩拉水牛红细胞免疫功能研究及其意义

通过对36例德宏水牛和7例摩拉水牛 C_3bRR 和 ICR 的检测,证实这两种水牛的红细胞具有补体 C_3b 受体.表明红细胞疫系统(red cell immune system,RCIS)的概念也适用于这两类动物,文中还对 C_3bRR 率和 ICR 率的含意作出了新的解释.

Variations in tidal currents and suspended sediment concentration of the upper part of the North Channel of Changjiang Estuary over the past 10 years

The tidal current duration （TCD） and velocity （TCV） and suspended sediment concentration （SSC） were measured in the dry season in December, 2011 and in the flood season in June, 2012 at the upper part of the North Channel of Changjiang Estuary. They were assimilated with the measured data in 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007, using the tidal range＇s proportion conversion. Variations in TCD and TCV, preferential flow and SSC have been calculated. Influences of typical engineering projects such as Qingcaosha fresh water reservoir, Yangtze River Bridge, and land reclamation on the ebb and flood TCD, TCV and SSC in the North Channel for the last 10 years are discussed. The results show that： （1） currently, in the upper part of North Channel, the ebb tide dominates; after the construction of the typical projects, ebb TCD and TCV tends to be larger and the vertical average ebb and flood SSC decrease during the flood season while SSC increases during the dry season; （2） changes in the vertical average TCV are mainly contributed by seasonal runoff variation during the flood season, which is larger in the flood season than that in the dry season; the controlling parameters of increasing ebb TCD and TCV are those large-scale engineering projects in the North Channel; variation in SSC may result mainly from the reduction of basin annual sediment loads, large-scale nearshore projects and so on.

A Preliminary Study on the Calculating Method for the Evolution of Siltation and Erosion of Tidal Flat Based on GIS

T he estuary and coast is an area where the land and the sea interact and a place in which human beings frequently move about so that understanding and controlling the change and development modes of the coastal landform plays a vital part in exploiting and protecting coastal resources. A model is the generalization and abstraction of objective things. This paper summarizes four methods for the landform development of the tidal shore and underwater delta, mainly discusses the model’s structural elements, and presents their specific application on the basis of the authors’ case study. With the application of the profile model, the dynamic change of coastal landform can be clearly seen by contrasting the different profiles of different years. Through the shrinking, expanding and transformation of the isobath, plane model is used to study the macro-change of the shoal and the coastal landform. Speed model is an efficient means to analyze the trend of erosion and deposition and the local change in a great area of the sea. Statistical survey model is a static analysis, which can be used to establish the relationship between the erosion and deposition of the shoal and the altitude and slope of survey spot.

Three-Dimensional Water Quality Model Based on FVCOM for Total Load Control Management in Guan River Estuary,Northern Jiangsu Province

Guan River Estuary and adjacent coastal area(GREC) suffer from serious pollution and eutrophicational problems over the recent years.Thus,reducing the land-based load through the national pollutant total load control program and developing hydrodynamic and water quality models that can simulate the complex circulation and water quality kinetics within the system,including longitudinal and lateral variations in nutrient and COD concentrations,is a matter of urgency.In this study,a three-dimensional,hydrodynamic,water quality model was developed in GREC,Northern Jiangsu Province.The complex three-dimensional hydrodynamics of GREC were modeled using the unstructured-grid,finite-volume,free-surface,primitive equation coastal ocean circulation model(FVCOM).The water quality model was adapted from the mesocosm nutrients dynamic model in the south Yellow Sea and considers eight compartments:dissolved inorganic nitrogen,soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP),phytoplankton,zooplankton,detritus,dissolved organic nitrogen(DON),dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP),and chemical oxygen demand.The hydrodynamic and water quality models were calibrated and confirmed for 2012 and 2013.A comparison of the model simulations with extensive dataset shows that the models accurately simulate the longitudinal distribution of the hydrodynamics and water quality.The model can be used for total load control management to improve water quality in this area.

Residents' Attitude to Pay for Urban River Restoration:Empirical Evidence from Cities in Yangtze Delta

Public willingness to pay （WTP） for urban rivers res- toration was investigated in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou in China with a sample of 1,285. The factors influencing positive WTP against zero WTP are analyzed using a binary logit model. The results indicate that income, Huff （residential registration） status, household size, home property ownership, riverfront access, and attitudes toward current water quality arc statistically signifi- cant in the likelihood of positive WTR It is also found that respon- dents without local Huff are less willingness to pay positively in pooled sample and Shanghai sample. In the group holding property right of house but without local Huff is less willingness to pay positively in Hangzhou. Respondents in Nanjing are more will- ingness to pay positively than those in Hangzhou. Most common arguments against to pay for the restoration are ＂government＇s duty＂, ＂low income＂, ＂non-local-Huji＂ and ＂lack of trust in the government in how it spends money＂. The results are generally consistent with the hypothesis and specific situations in China. The findings make some contributions to the non-market valua- tion studies as well as provide useful information for public policy making in China.

Simulation of Water Quality of Neijiang River Based on RMA4 Model

Using the RMA4 water quality model to simulate the water quality of Neijiang river in Zhenjiang, the result showed that： in the dry season the ranges of the concentration of various pollutants simulation of Neijiang were BOD5 3.2-5.2 mg/L, CODMn 4.7-6.8 mg/L, NH3-N 0.46-1.8 mg/L, TP 0.23-0.48 mg/L, and in the rainy period, the ranges of the concentration of various pollutants simulation of Neijiang were BOD5 0.69-0.73 mg/L, CODM, 1.9-2.3 mg/L, NH3-N 0.25-0.38 mg/L, TP 0.14-0.17 mg/L.These simulated values were closed to the monitoring values of pollution concentrations of Neijiang, which indicated that RMA4 was certain practical in the river water quality simulation, and simulation results have a certain degree of reliability, and it provides a scientific planning and management method for the river pollution control.

Prediction of recent bank retreat processes at typical sections in the Jingjiang Reach

The Jingjiang Reach is experiencing continuous channel degradation owing to operation of the Three Gorges Project （TGP） in 2003. Significant retreat processes at composite riverbanks have occurred at local sites of this reach, which may influence the stability of the fiver regime and the effect of existing river training works. Therefore, bank retreat plays a key role in fluvial processes of the Jingjiang Reach, and it is necessary to predict the long-term processes of bank retreat at typical sections in the reach. In this study, various factors influencing bank retreat in the Jingjiang Reach are investigated, based on bank erosion processes at four sections and the corresponding flow and sediment conditions. It is discovered that fluvial erosion intensity is a dominant factor in controlling the processes of bank retreat in the reach, although other factors, such as bank soil properties, can also influence bank retreat. The bankfull width at a section with severe bank erosion since 2002 is defined as being equal to the sum of the bankfull width in 2002 and the accumulated bank retreat distance after 2002. The magnitude of the bankfull width can be expressed as an exponential function of the previous 5-year average fluvial erosion intensity during flood seasons. The accumulated distances of bank retreat at four sections over the period 2002-2012 are predicted using the proposed empirical relationships, with the calculated bank retreat processes agreeing well with observed data.

Dynamics of saltwater intrusion in the Modaomen Waterway of the Pearl River Estuary

Observations indicate an abnormal characteristic of saltwater intrusion in the upper Modaomen Waterway of the Pearl River Estuary,i.e.,the maximum salinity occurs during the neap tide or the coming moderate tide instead of during the spring tide.To explore the associated dynamic mechanisms,a high resolution three-dimensional numerical model was set up based on the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model(FVCOM),which covered the entire river network,the Pearl River Estuary,and the adjacent sea.Numerical experiments illustrated that the upper Modaomen Waterway is significantly influenced by the saltwater intrusion from the Hongwan Waterway,a narrow and shallow channel connecting the Modaomen Waterway to the sea.Specific topography,spring-neap tidal variation,local wind stress,and their interaction drive an up-estuary residual current in the Hongwan Waterway,which is much stronger during the neap tide than during the spring tide.As a result,more saltwater in the Hongwan Waterway is spilled over into the Modaomen Waterway during the neap tide or the coming moderate tide.This is the inherent dynamic mechanism why the saltwater intrusion in the upper Modaomen Waterway reaches its maximum during the neap tide or the coming moderate tide.Besides,we also found that the winter prevailing wind can pronouncedly enhance the saltwater intrusion in the Modaomen Waterway.

Impacts of wind stress on saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary

The observation at the Chongxi gauging station indicated the salinity of saltwater spilling over from the North Branch to the South Branch increased abnormally from November 10 to 12 in 2009 (during neap tide) and from February 11 to 12 in 2010 (during moderate tide).We found for the first time that the strong northerly wind was responsible for the above abnormal salinity increase.Previous studies indicated that the saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary is influenced mainly by the river discharge,the tide,and the wind stress,but the impacts of variations of wind speed and direction on it have not been investigated.In this study the impacts of wind stress on the saltwater intrusion were numerically simulated and the associated mechanisms were analyzed.The model results were consistent with the observed data obtained at six gauging stations during February and March in 2007 and four gauging stations in March 2008,and the abnormal salinity risings were well captured.Meanwhile,if the wind speed is reduced by half,the salinity there will be significantly decreased.Driven by the monthly mean river discharge of 11000 m 3 /s and northerly wind of 5 m/s from January to February,the model simulated the temporal and spatial variation of saltwater intrusion.The wind-driven circulation,as well as the net water and salt fluxes from the North Branch into the South Branch,was calculated and analyzed in the cases of different wind speeds and directions.The results indicated that the intensity of the saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary is significantly influenced by the wind speeds and directions.

Water storage variations of the Yangtze,Yellow,and Zhujiang river basins derived from the DEOS Mass Transport (DMT-1) model

In general, China is short of water resources and some regions even experience a shortage of daily water supply. This could threaten the stability and economic development of the nation. A study on the water storage variations is especially important for the water management and storage prediction in three largest river basins of China, namely, Yangtze, Yellow, and Zhujiang, where the most dense population and leading economic regions are located. The satellite gravity mission GRACE （Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment） provides an opportunity to macroseopically identify water （or mass） variations in the Earth＇s system with a spatial resolution of 300-400 km and a temporal resolution of about one month. We use the first release of the DEOS （Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems） Mass Transport （DMT-1） model based on GRACE data to analyze water storage changes in the three river basins. The DMT-1 model consists of monthly solutions, which are computed using an innovative methodology. The methodology includes, in particular, the application of a statistically optimal Wiener-type filter based on full varianee-covariance matrices of noise and signal. This results in particularly sharp mass variation maps. Taking one monthly solution as an example, we compare the results derived from the DMT-1 model with ones produced with the standard post-processing scheme based on a combination of the de-striping and Gaussian filtering. The comparison shows that the DMT-1 model outperforms the other models and is suitable for the analysis of the mass changes in river basins. A subset of the DMT-1 solutions in the interval between February 2003 and May 2008 is used to estimate the secular trends and seasonal variations for the three river basins. The estimated trends show that the water storage of the Yellow River basin does not have significant changes, while the Zhujiang and Yangtze river basins have a large and statistically significant water storage increase. The estimation of seasonal variations demonstrates that the water storage variations in Yangtze and Zhujiang river basins are almost in the same phase. The amplitude of variations in the Zhujiang River basin is larger than that in Yangtze. No clear annual variations are observed in the Yellow River basin. The observed water storage variations generally coincide with the observations and conclusions presented in the hydrological reports of the Chinese Ministry of Water Resources