流量型污染的生态补偿:实施主体、条件与经济绩效

本文针对诸如PM_(10)等流量型污染的生态补偿问题,通过建模并结合数值模拟,比较分析了三种实施主体主导的生态补偿,即由中央政府、生态系统服务受益区域政府以及所在区域企业主导的生态补偿。研究结果表明:以宽松的税收政策作为条件配合生态补偿的实施,能够在改善环境质量的前提下,充分兼顾社会福利、居民福利、生态系统服务供给区域与受益区域的地方福利与企业福利,进而实现"共赢",且由中央政府主导实施的生态补偿更有利于实现经济绩效的整体提升。为了提高实施主体和社会的总福利水平,本文建议在可以搭配低水平生产税率或财政允许的情况下由中央政府实施生态补偿。

水蒸汽流化下煤气化气态污染物释放研究1.污染物生成与脱硫实验研究

在一个连续给煤不排料的实验室规模的流化床煤气化实验台上，对不同煤种、不同温度情况下主要污染物硫化氢、氨、氰化氢的产量进行了测量，分析了各种操作条件对污染物流量的影响，并通过平行实验的比较，考察了在水蒸汽存在的还原气氛中不同温度、不同钙硫比条件下石灰石的脱硫效率．

注水井口流量表内黑色黏稠物质分析

大庆油田采油五厂部分注水井出现井口流量表不准甚至停转现象,经拆卸流量表后发现,其转子部分被黑色黏稠物质堵塞,影响到注水流量表的正常使用。为此,对注水井口出现的黑色黏稠物质进行了取样分析。分析结果表明,样品中的主要元素为碳、氮、氧,同时铁和硫元素含量高,表明有机物中含硫化亚铁。结合细菌测试结果,分析注水井口黑色黏稠样品为细菌形成的生物膜。

减少市政合流泵站污染物溢流量措施

上海市苏州河综合整治一期工程正有效、扎实地开展,通过几次调水试验,发现一些问题后,采取了一系列积极有效的措施,为达到苏州河综合整治的阶段目标创造了良好的条件。通过调水试验,发现苏州河市区段的市政泵站,对苏州河防污染的贡献很大。据统计,1996～1999年沿线37座泵站的合流污水排江量如表1所示。 近年来苏州河沿线泵站合流污水排江量 表1 造成合流污水排江量持续较高的原因很多,如沿线泵站设备老化、检修频率高;合流污水治理一期工程总管截流倍数较低、截流管偏小;

Numerical simulations of water flow and contaminants transport near mining wastes disposed in a fractured rock mass

A numerical tool, called Hydro-Geosphere, was used to simulate unsaturated water flow and contaminants migration around an open pit filled with mining wastes. Numerical simulations had been carried out to assess the influence of various factors on water flow and solute transport in and around the surface openings including recharge, properties of the waste material and presence of fractures in the surrounding rock mass. The effect of the regional hydraulic gradient was also investigated. The analyses were conducted by simulating various 2D cases using experimentally obtained material properties and controlled boundary conditions. The effects of the hydrogeological properties of the filling material(i.e., water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity function), fracture network characteristics and conductivity of the joints were assessed. The results illustrate that fractures control water flow and contaminants transport around the waste disposal area. A fracture network can desaturate the system and improve the regional gradient effect.

Theory and Practice of Water Pollution Prevention and Control for Inflowing Rivers in Taihu Valley

The pollutants from the 15 rivers inflowing into Lake Taihu accounted for about 80% of the total amount of the pollutants inflowing into Lake Taihu. Therefore, overall treatment of the inflowing rivers of Taihu Lake is of great importance to the improvement of water environment in the valley and the eutrophication status in th lake. Firstly, the basic ideas, key taches and main methods for water pollution control of inflow rivers of Taihu Lake was put forward in this article, Basic on these theories, the pollutant source status in the comprehensive treatment zone of the 15 major inflow rivers was analysized, the countermeasures of pollution control and main regulation projects were introduced, and the total abatement of pollutants was predicted. With the implement of regulation projects, the number of rivers with water quality worse than Grade V among the 15 major inflow rivers had come from 9 to 3, and the eutrophication status of Taihu Lake had changed from medium level to light level. The overall treatment of the major inflow rivers of the Taihu Lake had achieved initial success.

Effect of Percolation Pattern on Yields and Accumulation of Copper and Cadmium in the Rice Plants with Soil Dressing Models

A greenhouse experiment was conducted using stratified paddy field models, which were prepared by polluted soil with 12.5 cm soil dressing. The paddy models were assembled with open and closed percolation system to focus the effect of percolation pattern on accumulation of cupper （Cu） and cadmium （Cd） in rice plants in contaminated paddy filed with soil dressing models. Percolation pattern has significant effect on soil environment, especially redox potential that may influence mobilization of Cd, Cu and other elements. In open system percolation models, the plowsole and subsoil were in oxidative condition （600 mV）, whereas reduction condition （-200 mV） was measured in closed system percolation models. Accumulations of Cu and Cd in all parts of rice plants （roots, grains, stems and leaves） were found higher in an open system percolation with the paddy field model comparatively than in a closed system percolation. The soil redox （Eh） condition influenced by the percolation pattern might be one of the main factors for uptake and accumulation of Cu and Cd in rice plants. The plant height and stem number were found lower in open system percolation comparatively to closed system percolation. In the yields section, the average panicle length, number of panicle and rice grain/hill and weight of grain/hill were lower in open system percolation than the closed system percolation.

Transport and transformation of nitrobenzene in Songhua River and calculation of flux and remnant based on quantification analysis

To evaluate the long-term environmental effect of the nitrobenzene precipitated into Songhua River caused by the explosion accident of CNPC Jilin Petrochemical Company, we have proved that three selected cross sections were all in a completely mixed state which was not affected by the neighborhood flow firstly. The research of the main flux of contaminants indicates that the nitrobenzene flux in all cross sections is less and less, and the attenuation trend is gradually slowing down. From the residual remnant of nitrobenzene in different segments calculated according to the related experimental data, we suppose that parts of nitrobenzene remnant are transferred by the bottom sludge adsorption and resolution. A general analysis model was set up from the one-dimensional counter-flow equation, and functions of atmosphere-water exchange process, deposit-water interaction, and river turbulent mixing and dissemination. The results of this quantification analysis are different from the real calculation, while the gross transformation trend is the same, which indicates that both analyses are based on reality and can reflect the transport and transformation of nitrobenzene actually.

Effects of Coordinate Rotation on Turbulent Flux Measurements during Wintertime Haze Pollution in Beijing, China

Eddy-covariance observations from the Beijing 325-m meteorological tower are used to evaluate the effects of coordinate rotation on the turbulent exchange of momentum and scalars during wintertime haze pollution(January-February 2013). Two techniques are used in the present evaluation; namely, the natural wind coordinate(NWC) and the planar fit coordinate(PFC), with the latter being applied by means of two methods for linear regression(i.e., overall and sector-wise). The different techniques show a general agreement in both turbulent fluxes and transport efficiencies, especially evident at the lower, 140-m level above the ground(compared to the higher, 280-m level), perhaps implying that the selection of a technique for coordinate rotation(NWC or PFC) is less of a concern for a sufficiently low level, despite the complexities of urban terrain. Additionally, sector-wise regression is a recommended approach for practical application of the PFC in a complex urban environment subjected to particulate pollution, because this method is found to produce a better correlation between the mean vertical velocity at the 140- and 280-m heights.

Assessment of heavy metals in sediment in a heavily polluted urban river in the Chaohu Basin, China

The Nanfei River （Anhui Province, China） is a severely polluted urban river that flows into Chaohu Lake. In the present study, sediments were collected from the river and analyzed for their heavy metal contents. Multivariate statistics and the fuzzy comprehensive assessment method were used to determine the sources of pollution, the current pollution status, and spatial and temporal variations in heavy metal pollution in sediments. The concentrations of arsenic （As）, cadmium （Cd）, chromium （Cr）, copper （Cu）, mercury （Hg）, nickel （Ni）, lead （Pb）, and zinc （Zn） in sediments ranged from 5.67-113, 0.08-40.2, 41.6-524, 15.5-460, 0.03-4.84, 13.5-180, 18.8-250, and 47.9-1 996 mg/kg, and the average concentrations of each metal were 1.7, 38.7, 1.8, 5.5, l 8.8, 1.3, 2.5, and 11.1 times greater than the background values, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that Hg, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Ni may have originated from industrial activities, whereas As and Pb came from agricultural activities. The fuzzy comprehensive assessment method, based on the fuzzy mathematics theory, was used to obtain a detailed assessment of the sediment quality in the Nanfei River watershed. The results indicated that the pollution was moderate in the downstream tributaries of the Nianbu and Dianbu Rivers, but was severe in the main channel of the Nanfei River and in the upstream tributaries of the Sill and Banqiao Rivers. Therefore, sediments in the Nanfei River watershed are heavily polluted and urgent measures should be taken to remedy the status.

Factors Impacting Water Quality of a Small Stream in a Mountain Forest

Recent improvements to sewerage systems have meant that the relative contribution of point sources of pollution to the overall pollutant loads of streams has decreased markedly. Consequently, the potential increase in non-point source pollution means that it may be necessary to focus more on pollution loads from non-point sources in the future. This study examined pollution loads from non-point sources in streams flowing through forested areas. In addition, the relationship between runoff and pollution loads was also clarified. The small streams in the Tohoku University Botanical Gardens, in Sendai city, Japan, were sampled during a dry weather period and their water quality parameters were characterized. Chemical Oxygen Demand （COD） concentration increased with distance downstream, possibly because the soils in downstream areas contained high amounts of organic matter. Conversely, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen （NO3-N） decreased with distance downstream, probably because upstream soils were generally in an oxidized state while those further downstream were reduced. COD concentration increased with air temperature, while NO3-N levels decreased with an increase in air temperatures.

Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination of Sediments in the Lubumbashi River Basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba Rivers in Lubumbashi City, Democratic Republic of Congo

Arsenic （As）, Barium （Ba）, Cadmium （Cd）, Cobalt （Co）, Chromium （Cr）, Copper （Cu）, Iron （Fe）, Manganese （Mn）, Lead （Pb） and Zinc （Zn） concentrations were investigated in sediments collected from sixteen sampling sites in the Lubumbashi river basin and five sites in Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba rivers during February, March and April 2016. Analyses of the samples were carried out using a portable X-RFS （X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer）. Water pH and OM （Organic Matter） content of the sediments were also determined. Trace metal toxicity risk to aquatic organisms was assessed using SQGs （Sediment Quality Guidelines）---TELs （Threshold Effect Levels） and PELs （Probable Effect Levels）---for freshwater sediments. Mean values ofpH and OM ranged from 4.2 to 7.8 and from 1.27% to 6.22%, respectively. The highest mean levels of trace metals in sediments were 5,438 mg·kg-1·dw and 902.5 mg·kg-1·dw for Cu and Co, respectively in Lubumbashi river 1.45 kilometer downward the Lubumbashi Slag heap, 1,534.5 mg·kg-1·dw and 342 mg·kg-1·dwdw for Zn and Pb, respectively at the confluence of Lubumbashi and Kafubu rivers, 108,900 mg·kg-1·dw, 547 mg·kg-1·dw and 174.5 mg·kg-1·dw for Fe, Ba and Cr, respectively in Kinkalabwamba river, 531 mg·kg-1·dw and 22 mg-kgl＇dw for Mn and Cd, respectively in Kimilolo river, and 37 mg·kg-1·dw for As at the confluence of Tshondo and Lubumbashi rivers. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the sediments exceeded the corresponding SQGs＇ PELvalues and could have adverse effects on aquatic organisms of those rivers. Trace metal contamination of the studied sediments might he partially attributed to natural processes, unplanned urbanization and poor waste management and mostly to abandoned and ongoing mining and ore processing activities in Lubumbashi city.

Rapid Elimination of Black Odor in Rivers by Oxygen Aeration

Laboratory research and engineering applications demonstrated that oxygen aeration can rapidly increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the water of severely polluted rivers. This method was capable of eliminating the odorous substances from black odorous water and reducing the color shade of water, but could not remove the NH3-N, COD, TP or other common pollutants. Therefore, oxygen aeration can be implemented to rapidly eliminate black odorous from rivers, lakes and reservoirs, but cannot be used as a permanent method for treating pollution of rivers.

Simulation of Water Quality of Neijiang River Based on RMA4 Model

Using the RMA4 water quality model to simulate the water quality of Neijiang river in Zhenjiang, the result showed that： in the dry season the ranges of the concentration of various pollutants simulation of Neijiang were BOD5 3.2-5.2 mg/L, CODMn 4.7-6.8 mg/L, NH3-N 0.46-1.8 mg/L, TP 0.23-0.48 mg/L, and in the rainy period, the ranges of the concentration of various pollutants simulation of Neijiang were BOD5 0.69-0.73 mg/L, CODM, 1.9-2.3 mg/L, NH3-N 0.25-0.38 mg/L, TP 0.14-0.17 mg/L.These simulated values were closed to the monitoring values of pollution concentrations of Neijiang, which indicated that RMA4 was certain practical in the river water quality simulation, and simulation results have a certain degree of reliability, and it provides a scientific planning and management method for the river pollution control.

Relationships Between River Water Quality and Landscape Factors in Haihe River Basin, China: Implications for Environmental Management

River water plays a key role in human health, and in social and economic development, and is often affected by both natural factors and human activities. An in-depth understanding of the role of these factors can help in developing an effective catchment management strategy to protect precious water resources. This study analyzed river water quality, patterns of terrestrial and riparian ecosystems, intensity of agricultural activities, industrial structure, and spatial distribution of pollutant emissions in the Haihe River Basin in China for the year of 2010, identifying the variables that have the greatest impact on river water quality. The area percentage of farmland in study area, the percentage of natural vegetation cover in the 1000-m riparian zone, rural population density, industrial Gross Domestic Product(GDP)/km^2, and industrial amino nitrogen emissions were all significantly correlated with river water quality(P < 0.05). Farming had the largest impact on river water quality, explaining 43.0% of the water quality variance, followed by the coverage of natural vegetation in the 1000-m riparian zone, which explained 36.2% of the water quality variance. Industrial amino nitrogen emissions intensity and rural population density explained 31.6% and 31.4% of the water quality variance, respectively, while industrial GDP/km^2 explained 26.6%. Together, these five indicators explained 67.3% of the total variance in water quality. Consequently, water environmental management of the Haihe River Basin should focus on adjusting agricultural activities, conserving riparian vegetation, and reducing industrial pollutant emissions by optimizing industrial structure. The results demonstrate how human activities drive the spatial pattern changes of river water quality, and they can provide reference for developing land use guidelines and for prioritizing management practices to maintain stream water quality in a large river basin.

非对称国家越境污染最优控制模型

环境问题已成为世界共同面对的问题,应对越境污染需要国际合作,但发达国家和发展中国家对"共同但有区别的责任"理解上存在差异。本文是运用博弈理论研究越境污染的最优控制,基于博弈理论的线性战略和非线性战略构建非对称两国污染物质流量及污染物质存量的控制模型。微分博弈的研究分析结果表明:在一定条件下,非对称两国非合作控制污染物质排放量的稳定状态的污染物质存量小于其合作控制污染物质排放量的稳定状态的污染物质存量的可能性存在。

技术冲击、二氧化碳排放与中国经济波动——基于DSGE模型的数值模拟

文章通过构建包含环境约束的动态随机一般均衡模型,分析了生产技术和环保技术冲击对一国主要宏观变量的影响。研究发现:(1)生产技术冲击对经济发展的促进作用是直接的、主要的,而对污染排放量的增长效应则是间接的、次要的,最优污染排放变动具有顺周期性;(2)环保技术冲击对经济的推动作用是间接的、次要的,而对污染排放量的限制作用则是直接的、主要的,最优污染排放变动具有逆周期性;(3)在两类冲击共同作用下,环保技术冲击的减排效应短期显著,而生产技术冲击的增长效应则长期占优,但两类冲击对全球污染存量变动的影响都十分微弱,经济波动周期维持在十年左右。

环境库兹涅茨曲线之于北京市的适用性分析

针对北京市生产总值增长较快及在高增长背后的环境问题,进行了规范分析及计量回归分析。结果显示:北京市的经济发展与大气环境之间呈现出"U"型、"N"型等关系。据此认为,传统的"环境库兹涅茨曲线"并不一定完全适用于北京市的情况。在理论分析的基础上,提出了促进北京市经济发展和环境建设的政策建议。

Response of Stream Pollution Characteristics to Catchment Land Cover in Cao-E River Basin, China

This study addressed the relationship of river water pollution characteristics to land covers and human activities in the catchments in a complete river system named Cao-E River in eastern China.Based on the hydrogeochemical data collected monthly over a period of 3 years,cluster analysis(CA) and principal component analysis(PCA) were adopted to categorize the river reaches and reveal their pollution characteristics.According to the differences of water quality in the river reaches and land use patterns and average population densities in their catchments,the whole river system could be categorized into three groups of river reaches,i.e.,non-point sources pollution reaches(NPSPR),urban reaches(UR) and mixed sources pollution reaches(MSPR).In UR and MSPR,the water quality was mainly impacted by nutrient and organic pollution,while in NPSPR nutrient pollution was the main cause.The nitrate was the main nitrogen form in NPSPR and particulate phosphorus was the main phosphorus form in MSPR.There were no apparent trends for the variations of pollutant concentrations with increasing river flows in NPSPR and MSPR,while in UR the pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing river flows.Thus dry season was the critical period for water pollution control in UR.Therefore,catchment land covers and human activities had significant impact on river reach water pollution type,nutrient forms and water quality responses to hydrological conditions,which might be crucial for developing strategies to combat water pollution in watershed scale.

On the nature of X-ray “unobscured” Seyfert 2 galaxies

We present a systematic study to reveal the effect of host galaxy contamination to the identification of X-ray "unobscured" Seyfert 2 galaxies.We compiled a sample of 14 X-ray "unobscured" Seyfert 2 galaxies and 29 X-ray obscured Seyfert 2s,with infrared [Ne II] and [O IV] emission line flux measurements.In this work we classify Seyfert 2s as "unobscured" or obscured in X-ray simply based on X-ray spectral fitting.We find that our X-ay "unobscured" Seyfert 2s have statistically higher [Ne II]/[O IV] line ratios,compared with obscured ones.Since the [Ne II]/[O IV] line ratio reflects the relative strength of star formation activity comparing with the SMBH accretion,the observed differences in [Ne II]/[O IV] line ratios clearly indicate relatively stronger X-ray contamination from star formation in the host galaxies in X-ray "unobscured" Seyfert 2s.Therefore we could attribute the X-ray "unobscured" appearance to host galaxy contamination for most(if not all) of our X-ray "unobscured" Seyfert 2s.Further analysis indicates that "unobscured" Seyfert 2s have intrinsically lower AGN luminosity but similar star formation rates,compared with obscured ones.This is also consistent with previous studies showing most X-ray "unobscured" Seyfert 2s are at lower luminosities,and relatively stronger contaminations from the host galaxies are thus expected.Finally we develop a screening criterion to distinguish potential pure Seyfert 2s from X-ray "unobscured" appearances which could be caused by strong host galaxy contamination.