河流污染控制方法

文章研究河流水体污染控制方法,从源头控制污染物进入水体,封控入河排污口。调整不同流域产业结构,工业废水集中控制,产生废水的工业企业迁入河流下游流域集控区,工业废水资源化重复利用。限制河流所在流域化肥使用量,将生活污染物资源化替代化肥利用到种植业,将生活污水资源化利用,将农业废水资源化循环利用,利用生态人工渠种植水生植物实现水体自净,打造生态农业。全面管控用水排水,根据用户对水质的不同要求,合理分配用户最适用的用水。把废水资源化利用,从而减少废水排放量,管住入河排污口,全面实现循环用水,控制河流水体污染。

畜禽养殖污染物资源化利用技术

笔者以畜禽养殖污染物资源化利用技术为研究对象,首先对畜禽养殖污染资源化利用技术应用的重要性进行了分析,随后提出了一种先进实用的畜禽养殖污染资源化利用技术,并对该技术的基本原理、工艺路线等情况进行了介绍,供参考。

Zn-Cu Interaction Affecting Zn Adsorption and Plant Availability in a Metal-Contaminated SoilA

In a previous greenhouse experiment, we showed that there was an interaction between Cu and Zn, which affected growth and metal uptake by young barley plants grown on soil to which Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn had been added. We suggested that the underlying mechanism was the control of the amount of plant-available Zn by competitive adsorption between Cu and Zn. In order to test this hypothesis, the adsorption of Zn alone, and in the presence of added Cd, Cu and Pb, has been measured using the same soil. Following adsorption, the extractability of the Zn in CaCl2 solution was measured. The adsorption isotherms showed that of the added metals only Cu had a large effect on Zn adsorption. The effect of Cu was to reduce Zn adsorption and to increase the amount of CaCl2-extractable (i.e. plant-available) Zn, in agreement with the conclusions from the greenhouse experiment. The magnitude of the effect of Cu on plant-available Zn was similar in both experiments.

QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SOIL EROSION AND ELEMENT RUN-OFF IN THE SONGHUA LAKE VALLEY

Under the condition of different precipitation intensities, different gradients, different land-use types and different vegetation coverage, the soil erosion and transference of element (or pollutant) are studied by simulating and analyzing the surface run-off of experimental plots in the catchment area of Songhua Lake, with an area of about 43 370.8km2. And the influencing factors that produce the spatial difference are analyzed and assessed. It is put forward that the irrational land utilization is the reason of soil erosion and pollutant run-off. The gradient of farmland, the growing season of vegetation and the vegetation coverage are chiefly restricting factors that lead to the soil erosion and pollutant run-off. This study can provide the fundamental data for comprehensive planning and harnessing of the non-point source pollution in the valley.

紫胶深加工废水处理技术研究综述

不同紫胶深加工产品产生的废水,其污染物及水质有很大差异。针对目前4种主要紫胶深加工产品:颗粒紫胶、漂白紫胶、脱蜡不脱色紫胶及紫胶桐酸生产废水,综述了几种目前文献报道的紫胶深加工废水处理技术及研究进展;分析了沉淀法、羟基催化氧化法、生化法、Fenton(芬顿)高级氧化、浓缩等废水处理方法在不同紫胶产品生产废水工业化处理应用的可能性。不同紫胶深加工厂具有不同的紫胶产品组合,多种废水处理技术联合、废水中盐及有机污染物资源化利用是今后的研究方向。

Enhancement of Cd Solubility and Bioavailability Induced by Straw Incorporation in Cd-Polluted Rice Soil

Of the factors affecting migration and bioavailability of toxic metals in heavy metal contaminated soil, DOC （dissolved organic carbon） provides binding sites for metal cations and reduces the fixation and adsorption of heavy metals by soil solid phase. Elevation of DOC level due to the direct incorporation of crop residues may lead to enhanced accumulation of toxic metals in crop body grown in polluted farmland. In this study, an incubation experiment and a pot experiment were conducted respectively to investigate the effects of wheat straw incorporation on DOC level, cadmium availability, and Cd accumulation in rice plant, and to establish the relation between Cd solubility and DOC level. A Cd-contaminated rice soil was used and incorporated with different rates （0%, 0.5% and 1%） of wheat straw in both experiments. Results showed that the change pattern of Cd in soil solution was very similar to that of DOC level. Wheat straw addition significantly elevated Cd and DOC level in soil solution while NH4NO3-extrated Cd was not affected. There existed a close linear correlation between soluble Cd and DOC level. Enhanced Cd accumulation in rice plant, grown in a Cd contaminated soil, induced by wheat straw incorporation was observed in this study.

Lowest Temperature Miniature Fuel Cell with Modified PS PEM Membrane and Fueled with Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen Containing Fuels

Polymer exchange membrane fuel cells （PEMFC） are objects of the current engineering technology and these are versatile generators for electrical energy. There are various kinds from them, but all of them are going on work at highest temperature. There isn＇t a PEMFC which can run at room temperature, like 20 ℃. In this study there is a aim for constructing such one for alternative fuels utilisation. PS and many electroconducting polymer formulations were proved by different researchers for PEM benefications, but here PS was synthesized without containing metalic contaminants and after converted to the PEM membrane.

Research on optimal design of wastewater reclamation and reuse for a university

An optimal design of wastewater reuse for a University is concerned in this paper. The raw water and the capacity of wastewater reuse were determined according to the wastewater characteristic of a university; the treatment process was chosen by building a cost-benefit model; and the modeling test was performed about the operation effect of the proposed project and the recommended water quality of reclaimed water. It is estimated that 3.4×10^5 m^3/a tap water and 6.1×10^5 Yuan/a will be saved if the project was put into operation and the proposed project will reduce the total quantity of pollutant efficiently and bring lots of social and economic benefits.

警惕集约化畜禽养殖场的污染

随着我国集约化畜禽养殖场的快速发展，行业污染危害日益严重，对自然环境和居民健康威胁很大。由于技术经济原因，只有综合利用的方法才能根本解决养殖场污染问题，但这种方式在我国存在着诸多推广障碍。建议采取以下措施促进综合利用：提高养殖场的排污标准和排污费征收标准，按照工业污染治理的办法来管理养殖场，对这类污染在重点地区开展专项整治，从税收、土地价格、贷款等方面扶持综合利用等。

城市环境污染治理模式的选择——兼析第三方排污治理模式的实用性

针对环境污染处理与资源化利用问题,基于新兴的第三方污染处理模式和传统的企业污染自处理模式,构建了两种模式下资源化产业链经济利润模型,并对二者进行了比较分析。结果表明:两种模式下的产业链利润均存在最优解,最优利润的高低取决于污染物处理量;两种模式的优劣取决于第三方环境污染处理企业得到的价格和污染处理设备的投入成本;在第三方环境污染处理模式下,产业集聚区域具有更大的规模效应和更低的学习曲线;过度承担污染事故法律责任会削弱第三方环境污染处理产业的潜在投资动机;稳定的收益预期决定了第三方环境污染处理模式在不同产业中的适应性与推广度。

Ecogenotoxicology in earthworms： A review

Pollutant dynamics and bioavailability greatly differ in soil and aquatic systems. Therefore, specific approaches and models are needed to assess the impact of soil contamination to terrestrial ecosystems. Earthworms among other soil invertebrates have received more attention because of their ecological importance. They represent a dominant part of the soil biomass and are soil engineers regulating important soil processes, notably fertilization. The release in soils of pollutants known for their persistence and/or their toxicity is a concern. Exposure of terrestrial species to pollutants that may alter genomic function has become an increasing topic of research in the last decade. Indeed, genome disturbances due to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms may impair growth, as well as reproduction and population dynamics in the long term. Despite their importance in gene expres- sion, epigenetic mechanisms are not yet understood in soil invertebrates. Until now, pollutant-induced changes in genome expression in natural biota are still being studied through structural alteration of DNA. The first biomarker relating to genotoxicant exposure in earthworms from multi-contaminated soils reported is DNA adducts measurements. It has been replaced by DNA breakage measured by the Comet assay, now more commonly used. Functional genomic changes are now being explored owing to molecular ＂omic＂ technologies. Approaches, objectives and results are overviewed herein. The focus is on studies dealing with genotoxicity and populational effects established from environmentally-relevant experiments and in situ studies [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 255-272, 2014].

Remediation of a Mercury-Contaminated Industrial Soil Using Bioavailable Contaminant Stripping

The method to remove bioavailable amounts of heavy metals from a contaminated soil by using plants is defined as bioavailable contaminant stripping （BCS） and could safely be applied if the soil＇s long-term ability to replenish the bioavuilable pool is known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of three common plant species selected, Brassica juncea, Poa annua, and Helianthus annus, to remove bioavailable amounts of mercury （Hg） from a contaminated industrial soil containing 15.1 mg kg-1 Hg. Trials were carried out under greenhouse conditions using pots （mesocosms）. According to the precautionary principle, we modified the BCS remediation approach by adding a new step, in which mercury bioavailability was increased by the addition of a strong mobilizing agent, ammonium thiosulphate, （NH4）28203, to obtain an estimate of the likely long-term bioavailable Hg pool. The modified BCS remediation approach was called enhanced bioavailable contaminant stripping （EBCS）. After one growth cycle, nearly all the bioavailable mercury （95.7%） was removed and the metal remaining in the soil was considered inert since it was neither extractable by （NH4）2S2O3 nor taken up by plants during a second growth cycle. The results demonstrated that EBCS appeared promising since it removed the most dangerous metal forms while substantially shortening the cleanup time.

Wheat Growth and Photosynthesis as Affected by Oxytetracycline as a Soil Contaminant

Extensive worldwide use of oxytetracycline （OTC）, a member of the tetracyclines, has resulted in its accumulation in soils, posing a potential risk to food production and safety. A pair of OTC-sensitive （Heyou 1） and OTC-tolerant （Yannong 21） wheat （Tritieum aestivum L.） cultivars was compared hydroponically at 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 mmol L-10TC in terms of wheat growth and photosynthesis. Biomass and shoot length decreased significantly with the addition of OTC, with the decreases in dry biomass and shoot length being 5.61%-13.75% and 3.33%-8.57% larger, respectively, for Heyou 1 than Yannong 21. Photosynthesis of Heyou 1 was suppressed by OTC as indicated by the significant decreases in photosynthetic rate （PN）, transpiration rate （TR）, and stomatal conductance （GS） and the significant increase in intercellular CO2 concentrations （CI）, at all OTC levels. Stomatal limitation （LS） and water use eftlciencies （WUE） of Heyou i also increased significantly, but not at 0.08 mmol L-10TC. However, photosynthesis of Yannong 21 was suppressed by OTC only at high OTC levels from 0.02 to 0.08 mmol L-1 as indicated by the decreases in PN, GS, TR, and LS; at 0.01 mmol L-10TC, PN, CI, GS, and TR significantly increased. It was noted that WUE of Yannong 21 was not affected by OTC addition. The results from this hydroponic test suggested that OTC had a potential risk to crop growth through inhibition of photosynthesis, requiring further confirmation with soil tests.

Variation in ecosystem services of street tree assemblages can guide sustainable urban development

Urban afforestation is an important strategy for promoting sustainable urban development.In cities where large new green spaces are not available,the planting of curbside trees is deemed to be an important afforestation strategy.However,variations in the ecosystem services provided by street tree assemblages across socioeconomic gradients have been unexplored.We examined such variations in ecosystem services provided by street tree assemblages along an urban–suburban continuum.Our findings were as follows.(i)Not all ecosystem services showed increasing trends along the urban–suburban continuum.Some ecosystem services at the street tree assemblage level,such as air purification and rainfall interception were prominent in areas of high urbanization intensity.(ii)Diverse ecosystem service trends were found in relation to differential characteristics of street trees assemblages.Structural properties of street tree assemblages,such as tree density and age structure,are likely key factors influencing variations.(iii)Although street tree density could partially compensate for the loss of large old trees,the protection of such trees is important because of their close associations with key ecosystem services,such as total carbon storage.To maximize the value of street trees in promoting urban sustainable development,trade-offs among multiple ecosystem services should be integrated within the overall planning process and adjustments of planting regimes.