生物难降解有机污染物废水深度氧化治理技术进展

本文综述了处理废水中生物难降解有机污染物的深度氧化技术—湿式空气氧化法、超临界水氧化法、复合空气氧化法、光化学氧化法及其相应的催化氧化法,评论这些方法的特点及应用前景 有38篇参考文献。

难降解污染物微生物共代谢作用研究进展

介绍了共代谢作用的内涵、分类以及能够进行共代谢作用的部分微生物,较为详细地阐述了共代谢作用过程的机制,包括关键酶的作用,竞争性抑制作用、毒性效应以及微生物的自我解毒和恢复机能,能量调节和还原力供应等方面。综合分析了共代谢作用过程的动力学特征及相关模型。对利用微生物共代谢作用进行难生物降解污染物去除的关键因素作了深入的分析。

自由表面流人工湿地处理超稠油废水

采用自由表面流芦苇湿地处理超稠油废水 .当芦苇床的水力负荷为 3 3 3cm/d时 ,对于年平均进水COD4 59.1 6mg/L ,石油类 2 7 65mg/L ,BOD53 3 52mg/L ,TN 1 3 74mg/L的超稠油废水 ,该系统的出水指标为COD77 2 1mg/L ,石油类 1 4 2mg/L ,BOD53 90mg/L ,TN 1 60mg/L .去除率分别为 :COD 83 1 8% ,石油类 94 86% ,BOD588 3 7% ,TN 88 3 6% ,pH值由 7 87降至 7.77.处理后的超稠油废水对土壤的污染并不明显 ,对芦苇的生长和材质指标几乎没有影响 .可见 ,自由表面流芦苇湿地深度处理超稠油废水的出水水质稳定 ,耐冲击负荷强 。

Ti(Ⅳ)催化臭氧深度处理造纸法烟草薄片废水

为进一步降低造纸法烟草薄片废水的污染负荷,采用Ti(Ⅳ)催化臭氧氧化法处理造纸法烟草薄片废水二级生物处理出水,考察了催化剂用量、臭氧质量浓度、p H值和温度等工艺条件对Ti(Ⅳ)催化臭氧处理废水效果的影响.结果表明:Ti(Ⅳ)催化臭氧处理废水过程中,COD降解反应符合表观二级动力学方程,Ti(Ⅳ)的存在提高了反应的动力学速率常数,对废水中有机物的降解起了重要作用;在p H值为8.0,Ti(Ⅳ)用量为0.4 mmol/L,O_3质量浓度为14.76 mg/L,反应温度30℃的条件下,反应60 min后废水的COD和色度去除率分别达到67%和98%,COD去除率比单独臭氧处理提高了24%.红外光谱和紫外光谱分析表明,Ti(Ⅳ)催化臭氧处理对造纸法烟草薄片废水中难生物降解的烟碱等含氮化合物和木素降解产物具有良好的降解去除效果,大大降低了处理后废水的污染负荷.XRD分析表明,在Ti(Ⅳ)催化臭氧处理造纸法烟草薄片废水过程中生成了TiO_2和碳酸钙、碳酸镁等沉淀物,增强了废水中污染物的降解去除效果.

Microbial PAH-Degradation in Soil: Degradation Pathways and Contributing Factors

Adverse effects on the environment and high persistence in the microbial degradation and environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are motivating interest. Many soil microorganisms can degrade PAHs and use various metabolic pathways to do so. However, both the physio-chemical characteristics of compounds as well as the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils can drastically influence the degradation capacity of naturally occurring microorganisms for field bioremediation. Modern biological techniques have been widely used to promote the efficiency of microbial PAH-degradation and make the biodegradation metabolic pathways more clear. In this review microbial degradation of PAHs in soil is discussed, with emphasis placed on the main degradation pathways and the environmental factors affecting biodegradation.

Removal of Di-n-butyl Phthalate Using Immobilized Microbial Cells

The biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） using immobilized microbial cells was carded out in an internal airlift loop reactor with ceramic honeycomb supports. A strain that is capable of degrading DBP was isolated from the activated sludge and identified as Bacillus sp. using 16S rDNA sequential analysis. Bacillus sp. could be rapidly attached onto the ceramic honeycomb supports. The immobilized cells could effectively degrade DBP in batch and continuous experiments. When the influent concentration of DBP was 50mg·L^-1, the effluent DBP reached less than lmg.L i with 6h hydraulic retention time （HRT） in continuous experiment. The immobilized microbial cells could grow and accumulate through the biodegradation of DBP, and the rate of degradation is accordingly increased. The possible pathway of DBP biodegradation using immobilized cells was tentatively proposed.

Environmental Capacity of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutants in Jiaozhou Bay, China: Modeling and Calculation

An environmental capacity model for the petroleum hydrocarbon pollutions （PHs） in Jiaozhou Bay is constructed based on field surveys, mesocosm, and parallel laboratory experiments. Simulated results of PHs seasonal successions in 2003 match the field surveys of Jiaozhou Bay resaonably well with a highest value in July. The Monte Carlo analysis confirms that the variation of PHs concentration significantly correlates with the river input. The water body in the bay is reasonably subjected to self-purification processes, such as volatilization to the atmosphere, biodegradation by microorganism, and transport to the Yellow Sea by water exchange. The environmental capacity of PHs in Jiaozhou Bay is 1500 tons per year IF the seawater quality criterion （Grade Ⅰ/Ⅱ, 0.05 mgLl） in the region is to be satisfied. The contribution to self-purification by volatilization, biodegradation, and transport to the Yellow Sea accounts for 48%, 28%, and 23%, respectively, which make these three processes the main ways of PHs purification in Jiaozhou Bay.

Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

The intensity of Magnetic field by 200, 300 and 400 gaos were selective to study their impacts on bacteria Bacillus, Pseudomonas and yeasts Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, lssatchenkia orientalis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa growth and to reduce organic pollutants in wastewater by COD, TOC, TN and TP in concentrations of 180, 75, 52 and 84 ppm in pH 7.6 and treatment periods of 2, 4, 6 and 18 h in batch system. Results showed that magnetic field 300 gaos had higher ability to increase bacterial and yeasts growth by 400-600% in 18 h and reduced COD, TOC, TN and TP by 88, 85, 90 and 98.5% in same period treatment. While, the intensity of magnetic field 200 and 400 gaos have no effect on microorganisms growth and reducing organic pollutants. This study is first record for showing and explaining the positive effective of magnetic field on microorganisms growth.

电子穿梭体介导的微生物胞外电子传递:机制及应用

厌氧条件下微生物将电子传递给胞外电子受体的现象非常普遍,电子穿梭体(electron shuttle,ES)是介导胞外电子传递过程的重要途径之一,但其具体的机制尚未明晰。一部分微生物自身能分泌一些物质作为内生ES,另一部分微生物能利用天然存在或人工合成的某些物质作为外生ES,并将其携带的电子传递至微生物胞外电子受体。ES介导微生物胞外电子传递的基本过程为:氧化态电子穿梭体(ES_(ox))接受电子变成还原态(ESred),ESred传递电子给胞外电子受体,自身再次氧化成ES_(ox),从而循环往复。本文重点介绍不同种类ES及其电子穿梭机制,以及ES的分子扩散、氧化还原电势及电子转移能力对胞外电子传递过程的影响。ES介导的胞外电子传递过程直接影响污染物转化和微生物产电,因此在污染修复及生物能源等方面具有重要的应用前景。

Evolution of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil Polluted with Crude Oil Treated with a Natural Product

Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated/polluted soils has been recognized as an efficient, economic, versatile and environmentally good treatment. This method is limited by the microorganisms activity in degrading the spills hydrocarbons. Low solubility of the hydrocarbons involves low bioavailability to microorganisms. The main objective of this research is to increase biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by treating the crude oil polluted soil with the natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum. Biodegradation was quantified by total petroleum hydrocarbons （TPH） analyses. The paper presents data obtained in biodegradation process of an artificial polluted soil with 5% and 10% crude oil, treated with a natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum during two years of experiment. Biodegradation process takes time to rehabilitate and reuse of the soil in agricultural scopes.

Fate Processes of Chlorobenzenes in Soil and Potential Remediation Strategies: A Review

Chlorobenzenes （CBs） are a group of organic pollutants that pose a high environmental risk due to their toxicity, persistence and possible transfer in the food chain. Available data in literature show that CBs axe detected in different environmental compartments such as soil, water, air and sediment. The widespread presence of CBs in the environment is related to their former extensive use in agriculture and industry. Some CBs are ranked in the list of priority pollutants by the Stockholm Convention, and their reduction or elimination from the environment is therefore of high importance. Environmental risk assessment of CBs requires knowledge on the role and importance of the main environmental fate processes, especially in soil. Furthermore, development of remediation strategies for reduction or elimination of CBs from the environment is related to the enhancement of fate processes that increase their dissipation in various environmental compartments. The main objectives of the current review were to present up-to-date data on fate processes of CBs in the soil environment and to explore possible remediation strategies for soils contaminated with CBs. Dechlorination of highly-chlorinated benzenes is the main degradation pathway under anaerobic conditions, leading to the formation of lower-chlorinated benzenes. Biodegradation of lower-chlorinated benzenes is well documented, especially by strains of adapted or specialized microorganisms. Development of techniques that combine dechlorination of highly-chlorinated benzehes with biodegradation or biomineralization of lower-chlorinated benzenes can result in useful tools for remediation of soils contaminated with CBs. In addition, immobilization of CBs in soil by use of different amendments is a useful method for reducing the environmental risk of CBs.

Using a Two-Liquid-Phase System to Investigate the Biodegradation of Trichlorobenzenes

Due to easy volatilization of volatile organic compounds from water,it is difficult to monitor their aerobic biodegradation in the traditional single water system.Whether a two-liquid-phase system(TLPS) could overcome this obstacle and enhance the degradation of volatile contaminants? In this study,a TLPS composed of silicone oil and water was employed to investigate the biodegradation of volatile compounds,trichlorobenzenes(TCBs),by the adapted microorganisms in an activated soil.The degradation and volatilization of TCBs in TLPS and in a single water system were compared.The results showed that due to volatilization losses of TCBs,the mass balance of TCBs in a single water system was very low.In contrast,using TLPS could effectively inhibit the volatilization losses of TCBs and achieved a very good mass balance during the biodegradation process.Meanwhile,the TLPS could increase microbial activity and microbial growth during the degradation process.With TLPS,the TCB degradation was in descending order of 1,2,4-TCB> 1,2,3-TCB>> 1,3,5-TCB,which was related to the exposed concentration of the contaminants in soil.This study showed that TLPS could be employed as an effective tool to evaluate the biodegradation of volatile hydrophobic organic compounds,which could not be achieved with the traditional single water system.

Biodegradation of Crude Oil in Contaminated Soils by Free and Immobilized Microorganisms

The efficiencies of free and immobilized bacterial cultures of petroleum hydrocarbon degraders were evaluated and compared in this study. Hydrocarbon-degrading microbial communities with high tolerance to and high degrading ability of crude oil were obtained from the soil contaminated with crude oil in the Yellow River Delta. Then, the microbial cells were immobilized in sodium alginate （SA） beads and sodium Mginate-diatomite （SAD） beads. The biodegradation of crude oil in soil by immobilized cells was compared with that by free cells at three inoculation concentrations, 1× 104 colony forming units （cfu） kg-^（-1）（low concentration, L）, 5 × 104 cfu kg^（-1） （medium concentration, M）, and 1× 105 cfu kg^（-1） （high concentration, H）. At 20 d after inoculation, the maximum degradation rate in the immobilized systems reached 29.8% （SAD-M）, significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than that of the free cells （21.1%）, and the SAD beads showed greater degradation than the SA beads. Moreover, both microbial populations and total microbial activity reached significantly higher level （P 〈 0.05） in the immobilized systems than free cell systems at a same initial inoculation amount. The scanning electronic microscope （SEM） images also confirmed the advantages of the immobilized microstructure of SAD beads. The enhanced degradation and bacterial growth in the SAD beads indicated the high potential of SAD beads as an effective option for bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated soils in the Yellow River Delta.

MODELING THE ROLE OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN- DEPENDENT BACTERIA ON BIODEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the role of dissolved oxygen （DO）-dependent bacteria on biodegradation of one or two organic pollutant（s） in a water body. In the case of two organic pollutant（s）, it is assumed that the one is fast degrading and the other is slow degrading and both are discharged into the water body from outside with constant rates. The density of bacteria is assumed to follow logistic model and its growth increases due to biodegradation of one or two organic pollutant（s） as well as with the increase in the concentration of DO. The model is analyzed using the stability theory of differential equations and by simulation. The model analysis shows that the concentration（s） of one or both organic pollutant（s） decrease（s） as the density of bacteria increases. It is noted that for very large density of bacteria, the organic pollutant（s） may be removed ahnost completely from the water body. It is found that simulation analysis confirms the analytical results. The results obtained in this paper are in line with the experimental observations published in literature.