污染物负荷与组成对潜流人工湿地脱氮效果影响研究

为研究污染物负荷与组成对人工湿地系统脱氮效果的影响,在构建小试湿地试验装置的基础上,使用模拟污水进行了TN去除试验。试验的影响因素包括:水力学停留时间,单一污染物负荷量,ρ(C):ρ(N),TN组成,有机质(以COD计)-氨氮-硝氮比例等。其中,3种污染物最佳比例试验采用正交试验法进行。停留时间试验、单一负荷试验、ρ(C):ρ(N)试验、TN组成试验得到各自的变化趋势,并能够用人工湿地基本理论解释。正交试验确定的3种污染物的最佳比例质量浓度为:有机质:氨氮:硝氮=20:3:3。结论认为,湿地脱除污染物的不同机理是影响TN去除效果根本原因。氨氮的去除主要是依靠好氧微生物的作用,硝氮的去除则主要依靠反硝化菌的作用,并需要充足的碳源。TN组成问题应综合考虑氨氮和硝氮的负荷总量和水力学停留时间。3种污染物对TN去除影响的主次顺序为:氨氮>硝氮>有机质,最优方案的理论TN去除率达到92.26%。此外,可能还存在着其它重要的影响人工湿地TN去除率的因素。

超稠油电脱盐污水中有机污染物的微观组成研究

利用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)与气相色谱—质谱(GC-MS),对超稠油电脱盐污水中有机污染物微观组成进行了研究,结果表明,生物难降解以及具有生物毒性的有机污染物在超稠油电脱盐污水中大量存在,强极性有机污染物数量达到6 000以上,以O x与Na O x两种类型为主,并含有一定浓度有机S/N化合物,分子中普遍带有苯环结构。超稠油电脱盐污水的预处理应满足削减有机负荷、降低生物毒性以及提高可生化性三方面要求。

辽宁北部城市工业废水污染物扩散和削减规律分析

结合工业废水监测点水样采集数据,对辽宁北部某城市工业废水主要成分进行测定分析,并对各污染源的扩散和消减规律进行探讨。结果表明:研究城市工业废水主要组成为氨氮、化学需氧量、亚硝酸盐及重金属镉,各污染物浓度分别在3.54~5.57mg/L,35.8~51.3mg/L,12.8~22.5mg/L,0.004~0.009mg/L,夏季污染物浓度总体为冬季的1.5~2.2倍;在各污染物中,氨氮削减率最大,削减率均值达到2.15mg/L±12%,重金属镉削减率最低,达到0.006mg/L±5%;研究城市工业废水污染物削减率与扩散率呈现明显的负相关,氨氮随着扩散距离增加其削减率递减速率最快,重金属镉的递减速率最慢。

重质油炼化污水生化处理出水的污染特征分析

将傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)与气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)结合,实现了对有机污染物微观组成的全分析,在此基础上形成了炼化污水水质剖析方法。对重质油炼化污水系统生化工艺出水进行污染物组成分析发现,其有机负荷基本由难降解的大分子极性有机污染物构成,不可生物降解的非极性大分子烷烃类也有一定贡献。极性有机污染物总数量达到376种,Ox、NxOx与SxOx是主要类型;推测为有机酸类、酯类与杂环化合物,分子结构复杂且不饱和,普遍带有芳香环、稠环以及杂环。含N杂环化合物还与硝酸盐氮一起构成了高浓度的总氮。根据生化工艺出水的污染特性,优化生化工艺的COD降解与脱氮效能,并利用臭氧催化氧化技术深度处理,将有助于实现全面达标排放。

一种复合式废水最小化方法

以废水最小化和经济性为目标提出一种思路清晰、简单实用的复合式方法 ,用于化工过程废水最小化 .在着眼于全局确定废水最小化的目标以及合适的循环结构之后 ,利用路径图 ( path diagram)确定过程废水排放的适宜位置 ;再基于定性知识确定污染物组成调整的方案 ;最后对已定的流程结构方案用 GAMS软件包进行数学优化 ,确定出各参数的最优值 .运用所提方法对一文献算例进行了求解 。

浅谈石油钻井施工作业中的环境保护

本文主要探讨了石油钻井施工作业中的环境污染和保护问题。钻井是石油勘探开发过程中最重要的环节之一,又是一项在露天野外进行的流动作业,对土壤、水体、空气都有不同程度的污染,因此了解钻井施工作业中的环境污染有助于相关人员有效避免和降低环境污染,并且针对污染环节采取有效措施加以控制,从而达到环境保护的目的。

Response of meiofaunal and nematode communities to sewage pollution abatement:a field transplantation experiment

To assess the recovery rate of meiofaunal and nematode communities upon abatement of sewage pollution, a field transplantation experiment was conducted in Tat Tam, which is a non-polluted, shallow subtidal habitat on the southern portion of Hong Kong Island. The sediments used were from one site located in Victoria Harbour that was heavily influenced by sewage pollution, and one site in the outside-harbor area, which was relatively clean. In addition, sediments from Tat Tam were used as a control. Fresh sediments with meiofauna were collected from the aforementioned sites, placed in plastic trays and transplanted to Tat Tam. Sediments were retrieved at the beginning of the experiment and at 1-, 3-, and 8-weeks after transplantation for analysis of the meiofaunal and nematode communities as well as the sediment characteristics. The results showed that the meiofaunal and nematode communities in the control sediments were consistent at the four sampling periods, while it took three and eight weeks, respectively, for the nematode communities from the outside-harbor and inside-harbor sites to become similar to the control. These findings indicated that the relatively poor habitat quality and the nematode community composition in the sewage polluted inside-harbor sediments required a longer time for recovery than samples from the better habitat quality and the nematode community composition in the outside-harbor sediments.

A Brief Overview of Research on Chemical Molecular Contamination in Cleanrooms

This review proposes associated standards from abroad regarding chemical contamination of the air, and has analyzed the formation of chemical air pollution, the common contaminants and the testing methods of projects. This paper demonstrates the capability of China to begin commercial testing of chemical contamination of the air. In addition, it offers technological references of the feasibility for adopting the international standard ISO14644-8：2006.