污染物释放和转移登记(Pollutant Release and Transfer Register,PRTR)制度是国际上重要的化学品环境管理制度,对推动化学品环境安全管理、企业环境信息公开和污染减排具有重要作用.我国虽开展过相关试点工作,但尚未真正建立起PRTR制度...污染物释放和转移登记(Pollutant Release and Transfer Register,PRTR)制度是国际上重要的化学品环境管理制度,对推动化学品环境安全管理、企业环境信息公开和污染减排具有重要作用.我国虽开展过相关试点工作,但尚未真正建立起PRTR制度.借鉴国际经验,建立我国PRTR制度,对补齐有毒有害化学品环境管理短板以及构建多方共治的现代化环境管理体系十分必要.该研究选取国际上7个规模较大且相对完善的PRTR制度作为研究对象,并选择两种特定的化学物质--汞和含汞化合物以及苯,对研究对象的核心技术要素进行横向对比,结果表明:研究对象的共同点为按照一套工业分类系统界定出需要管理的行业范围,设置分类管控的化学品清单,以及对不同化学品设定具体的报告阈值;不同点为覆盖化学品种类和分类方式不同以及报告阈值表征方式不同,且同一特定化学品的阈值设定不同,甚至差别较大.基于对比研究结果,总结国际经验,提出了建立实施我国PRTR制度的相关建议:①制定完善的PRTR核心技术体系,包括按照《国民经济行业分类》界定覆盖行业范围,参考加拿大和墨西哥PRTR制度设置分类管控的化学品清单,结合使用释放量阈值、生产加工和以其他方式使用量(MPO)阈值、企业规模阈值等表征方式分类设置化学品报告阈值;②从法律政策、社会认知和试点实践等方面逐步推动建立PRTR制度;③加强与美国、加拿大、欧盟和经合组织(OECD)等国家和组织的沟通合作,强化我国PRTR制度设计的国际规范性.展开更多
Genetic engineering in filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria usually involves Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and several other non-aggregating species. Mass culture and harvest of such species are more energy consuming relative ...Genetic engineering in filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria usually involves Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and several other non-aggregating species. Mass culture and harvest of such species are more energy consuming relative to aggregating species. To establish a gene transfer system for aggregating species, we tested many species of Anabaena and Nostoc, and identified Nostoc muscorum FACHB244 as a species that can be genetically manipulated using the conjugative gene transfer system. To promote biodegradation of organophosphorus pollutants in aquatic environments, we introduced a plasmid containing the organophosphorus-degradation gene （opd） into Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and Nostoc muscorum FACHB244 by conjugation. The opd gene was driven by a strong promoter, Pp,bA. From both species, we obtained transgenic strains having organophosphorus-degradation activities. At 25~C, the whole-cell activities of the transgenic Anabaena and Nostoc strains were 0.163~0.001 and 0.289~0.042 unit/gg Chl a, respectively. However, most colonies resulting from the gene transfer showed no activity. PCR and DNA sequencing revealed deletions or rearrangements in the plasmid in some of the colonies. Expression of the green fluorescent protein gene from the same promoter in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 showed similar results. These results suggest that there is the potential to promote the degradation of organophosphorus pollutants with transgenic cyanobacteria and that selection of high-expression transgenic colonies is important for genetic engineering of Anabaena and Nostoc species. For the first time, we established a gene transfer and expression system in an aggregating filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacterium. The genetic manipulation system of Nostoc muscorum FACHB244 could be utilized in the elimination of pollutants and large-scale production of valuable proteins or metabolites.展开更多
文摘污染物释放和转移登记(Pollutant Release and Transfer Register,PRTR)制度是国际上重要的化学品环境管理制度,对推动化学品环境安全管理、企业环境信息公开和污染减排具有重要作用.我国虽开展过相关试点工作,但尚未真正建立起PRTR制度.借鉴国际经验,建立我国PRTR制度,对补齐有毒有害化学品环境管理短板以及构建多方共治的现代化环境管理体系十分必要.该研究选取国际上7个规模较大且相对完善的PRTR制度作为研究对象,并选择两种特定的化学物质--汞和含汞化合物以及苯,对研究对象的核心技术要素进行横向对比,结果表明:研究对象的共同点为按照一套工业分类系统界定出需要管理的行业范围,设置分类管控的化学品清单,以及对不同化学品设定具体的报告阈值;不同点为覆盖化学品种类和分类方式不同以及报告阈值表征方式不同,且同一特定化学品的阈值设定不同,甚至差别较大.基于对比研究结果,总结国际经验,提出了建立实施我国PRTR制度的相关建议:①制定完善的PRTR核心技术体系,包括按照《国民经济行业分类》界定覆盖行业范围,参考加拿大和墨西哥PRTR制度设置分类管控的化学品清单,结合使用释放量阈值、生产加工和以其他方式使用量(MPO)阈值、企业规模阈值等表征方式分类设置化学品报告阈值;②从法律政策、社会认知和试点实践等方面逐步推动建立PRTR制度;③加强与美国、加拿大、欧盟和经合组织(OECD)等国家和组织的沟通合作,强化我国PRTR制度设计的国际规范性.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2002AA601170)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30623001)
文摘Genetic engineering in filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria usually involves Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and several other non-aggregating species. Mass culture and harvest of such species are more energy consuming relative to aggregating species. To establish a gene transfer system for aggregating species, we tested many species of Anabaena and Nostoc, and identified Nostoc muscorum FACHB244 as a species that can be genetically manipulated using the conjugative gene transfer system. To promote biodegradation of organophosphorus pollutants in aquatic environments, we introduced a plasmid containing the organophosphorus-degradation gene （opd） into Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and Nostoc muscorum FACHB244 by conjugation. The opd gene was driven by a strong promoter, Pp,bA. From both species, we obtained transgenic strains having organophosphorus-degradation activities. At 25~C, the whole-cell activities of the transgenic Anabaena and Nostoc strains were 0.163~0.001 and 0.289~0.042 unit/gg Chl a, respectively. However, most colonies resulting from the gene transfer showed no activity. PCR and DNA sequencing revealed deletions or rearrangements in the plasmid in some of the colonies. Expression of the green fluorescent protein gene from the same promoter in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 showed similar results. These results suggest that there is the potential to promote the degradation of organophosphorus pollutants with transgenic cyanobacteria and that selection of high-expression transgenic colonies is important for genetic engineering of Anabaena and Nostoc species. For the first time, we established a gene transfer and expression system in an aggregating filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacterium. The genetic manipulation system of Nostoc muscorum FACHB244 could be utilized in the elimination of pollutants and large-scale production of valuable proteins or metabolites.
