关于城市大气污染现状与综合防治对策研究

现阶段,社会经济快速发展,物质极大丰富,人们在生活水平逐渐提高的背景下,对环境保护的重视力度也在不断增强,而加大环境保护的重视和治理力度,也能有效缓解现存的环境污染问题。在实际工作中,环境工程作为环境保护的重要措施,也是恢复和维护生态环境体系、改善生态环境质量的重要项目。其中,大气污染治理是环境工程中较为重要的一个环节,在其实施治理过程中,需加大人力、物力的投入力度,且要做好前期的监测和分析工作,进而才能制定出有效的治理方案,由此才能真正解决大气污染问题,保护空气环境。下面,文章就关于城市大气污染现状与综合防治对策展开论述。

漳州市可吸入颗粒物现状及与气象因子的关系

收集2011年和2012年漳州市蓝田和三中2个空气自动监测站的可吸入颗粒物的数据以及这2年的气象数据,分析了漳州市区2个站点近两年可吸入颗粒物的污染现状及其与气象因子的关系。结论:2011、2012年三中站的月平均可吸入颗粒物的浓度高于蓝田站,2个站点的月平均可吸入颗粒物浓度存在正相关关系。2011年和2012年漳州市月平均可吸入颗粒物浓度与月平均气温、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温、月降雨量这4种气象因子存在显著地负相关关系,与月雨日数不存在线性相关关系。

Research Progress on Resource Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Manure

Although mass livestock and poultry breeding brought magnificent econom-ic benefits to the society, it made great harm to the environment. By reviewing the current status of environmental pol ution caused by livestock and poultry manure in China, harm-free treatment technology for livestock and poultry manure including fer-tilization technology, feed processing technology and energy technology were elabo-rated so as to address the existing issues in this regard and provide references for resource utilization and eliminating environmental pol ution through modified technical system and environment laws.

Analysis on Soil Contamination Status in Rural Areas in China

China is a Iarge agricuItural country and the coordinated deveIopment of rural economy, society and eco-environment pIays an important roIe in China ’s prosperity. Because of economy deveIopment, human factors and natural degrada-tion, however, the issue of rural environment poI ution is deteriorating as urban envi-ronment improves, becoming a key factor preventing rural sustalnabIe deveIopment. The research detalIed rural soiI contamination in China, analyzed major causes, and proposed suggestions on IegisIation on controIs of rural soiI poI ution.

Photochemical Process Modeling and Analysis of Ozone Generation

Air pollution in modern city and industrial zones has become a serious public concern in recent years in China. Significance of air quality assessment and emission control strategy design is increasing. Most studies in China focus on particulate matter(PM), especially PM2.5, while few account for photochemical secondary air pollutions represented by ozone(O3). In this paper, a procedure for air quality simulation with comprehensive air quality model with extensions(CAMx) is demonstrated for studying the photochemical process and ozone generation in the troposphere. As a case study, the CAMx photochemical grid model is used to model ozone over southern part of Beijing city in winter, 2011. The input parameters to CAMx include emission sources, meteorology field data, terrain definition, photolysis status, initial and boundary conditions. The simulation results are verified by theoretical analysis of the ozone generation tendency. The simulated variation tendency of domain-wide average value of hourly ozone concentration coincides reasonably well with the theoretical analysis on the atmospheric photochemical process, demonstrating the effectiveness of the procedure. An integrated model system that cooperates with CAMx will be established in our future work.

Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of Nenjiang River basin, China

Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in surface water quality is important to evaluate the health of a watershed and make necessary management decisions to control current and future pollution of receiving water bodies. In this work, surface water quality data for 12 physical and chemical parameters collected from 10 sampling sites in the Nenjiang River basin during the years(2012-2013) were analyzed. The results show that river water quality has significant temporal and spatial variations. Hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) grouped 12 months into three periods(LF, MF and HF) and classified 10 monitoring sites into three regions(LP, MP and HP) based on the similarity of water quality characteristics. The principle component analysis(PCA)/factor analysis(FA) was used to recognize the factors or origins responsible for temporal and spatial water quality variations. Temporal and spatial PCA/FA revealed that the Nenjiang River water chemistry was strongly affected by rock/water interaction, hydrologic processes and anthropogenic activities. This work demonstrates that the application of HCA and PCA/FA has achieved meaningful classification based on temporal and spatial criteria.

Traffic Noise Pollution： Spectra Characteristics and Windows Sound Insulation in Laboratory and Field Measurements

The traffic spectra influence on indoor noise through windows is evaluated with laboratory and field measurements. Different traffic noise spectra were registered and reproduced, simulating the outdoor traffic conditions through different windows. Spectrum adaptation terms for the recorded spectra were different from the ones obtained from the Standards, showing that Normative gives a safe evaluation of the Weighted Sound Insulation Index. In field measurements, the level abatements calculated from the Facade Acoustic Insulation Index corrected with the adaptation terms shows that the ones from the Standard do not give a good approximation, while if the level abatements is calculated using the adaptation terms from the registered spectra, a more reliable approximation is achieved. Furthermore, comparing the level abatements for two windows having both Rw equal to 41 dB, very different values were obtained at different frequencies; therefore to characterize acoustic performances of windows, sound insulation curves are also needed. The correlation between the mean difference between adaptation terms calculated from the standard and the one between abatements obtained with pink noise and the ones obtained with the registered spectra is good, but different for road traffic and trains. In both, the difference diminishes when the difference between the abatements increases.

Status quo and Countermeasures of Industrial pollution in Shucheng Coutny

The research described industrial pollution status quo from geographical location,industry distribution,pollutant variety and quantity of Shucheng County and proposed countermeasures and suggestions.

Foliar Dust Size Characteristics of Greening Trees in Aksu, Northwest China

Urban greening trees intercept the migration of atmospheric particulate matters near the ground, and it is difficult for the particulate matters trapped by foliage to re-elevate, thus reducing the hafm to humans. The dust-capturing ability and foliar dust size charactetistics of different greening trees are different In addition, the dust capturing of trees is distutbed by many factors such as sel natural and human factors. The foliar dust and natural dustfaJl in 11 common, tree species in Aksu, Northwest China were collected to analyze tihe particle size distribution diacacteristics,and obtain the concentrations of PM^ and PM10. The results showed that Pktanus acenfolia, Populus alba var. pyramidaJis and Uhnus densa. had high foliar dust attachment density and strong particle-capturing capacity,while Elaeagnus angustifoliaL., Pyrns sinldangensis, Sophora japonica L. had low foliar dust attachment density. The foliar PMZ5 and PM10 contents were highest in E. ongustifolia （0.68%） and Vitis vinefcra （3.59%）, tespectively. The volume fraction of fine partides was small in natural dustM and was kige in foliar dust The median of foliar dust particle size followed tiie descending ordei： industrial area 〉 transportation hub area 〉 residential area 〉 clean area; and the median of natural dustfall particle size followed the descending order： dear area 〉 transportation hub area 〉 industrial area 〉 residential area. There was a big difference between the two.

Integrated site-specific quantification of faecal bacteria and detection of DNA markers in faecal contamination source tracking as a microbial risk tracking tool in urban Lake ecosystems

The presence of feacal-derived pathogens in water is responsible for several infectious diseases and deaths worldwide. As a solution, sources of fecal pollution in waters must be accurately assessed, properly determined and strictly controlled. However, the exercise has remained challenging due to the existing overlapping characteristics by different members of faecal coliform bacteria and the inadequacy of information pertaining to the contribution of seasonality and weather condition on tracking the possible sources of pollution. There are continued ef forts to improve the Faecal Contamination Source Tracking(FCST) techniques such as Microbial Source Tracking(MST). This study aimed to make contribution to MST by evaluating the efficacy of combining site specific quantification of faecal contamination indicator bacteria and detection of DNA markers while accounting for seasonality and weather conditions' eff ects in tracking the major sources of faecal contamination in a freshwater system(Donghu Lake, China). The results showed that the use of cyd gene in addition to lacZ and uidA genes differentiates E. coli from other closely related faecal bacteria. The use of selective media increases the pollution source tracking accuracy. BSA addition boosts PCR detection and increases FCST efficiency. Seasonality and weather variability also influence the detection limit for DNA markers.

Microbial Biofilm Formation as a Dental-fouling Microorganisms Attachment Phenomenon in Oral Cavity Environment

DMFP （Dental microbial fouling phenomenon） of OCE （oral cavity environment） was studied in the local dental labs. Multi-smears of mature supra gingival plaques were randomly collected from fifty persons in dental labs that had different cultures, ages, sex and different scientific levels. Rapid microbial identification method was used to identify of these multi-smears by using vitek-2 compact instrument. The most frequent and appearance species of bacteria was Pantoeae spp., then Klebsiella pneumonia. Total species of microbial fouling in supra gingival plaques were included sixteen species： Staphyllococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pantoeae spp., Aercococcus viridians, Leuconostoc mesenteroides cremorise, Granuli.adiacens, Streptococcus sanguinis, Staphyllococcus sciuri, Stenotrophomonus maltiphilia, Kocuria varians, Gememlla morbillorum, Granulicatella adiacens, Nonreac biopattern, Kocuria kritinae, Kocuria rosea and Nonreac.biopattern while six fungal species were Tricoderma viride, Aspergillus flavus, Tricoderma harzianum, Cladosporium macrocarpum, Penicillium citrinum and Verticillium lecanii in addition to two yeast species were recorded Candida dubliniensis and Candida glabrata. The results were detected the most appearance of bacteria Pantoeae sp., then Klebsiella pneumonia, then Staphyllococcus aureus. These results of study suggest that adhesive strength conjugated with the biofilm layers presence in OCE may vary across different from one to other persons and mark a new path of inquiry for dental Microbial-fouling phenomenon research.

Air Pollution Interpolation Analysis Based on Measured and Simulated Sites in Nanjing

Based on the statistical analysis of API （air pollution index）, the study improves the layout of the site in the downtown of Nanjing and the surroundings. Through selecting more relevant factors to establish the API regression equation and making the inversion of API data in simulated sites, the interpolation values of API in both actual sites and simulated sites have been calculated. The methods include IDW （inverse distance weighting） interpolation, Spline interpolation, and Kriging interpolation Spherical model, Exponential model and the Gaussian model. Meanwhile, through the cross-validation to test the results of interpolation in different models or parameters, the study also obtains the best fit of the interpolation model or parameters. In addition, IDW p = 3, fitting coefficient of 0.644; Spline interpolation w = 1, the fitting coefficient of 0.972; Kriging interpolation, Gaussian, fitting coefficient of 0.684. The study indicates that in best fitting model, the parameters after in increasing the simulated site are not in line with the ones previous. The result shows that it is best to test different data separately and select the appropriate interpolation model, but not blindly use the same spatial interpolation. After the increasing of the stimulated site, the API estimated results in three interpolation methods are consistent with the spatial distribution trend. In the aspect of calculating the range, the improvement close the results between 3 interpolation methods and increase of the stimulated sites, and the values of Spline interpolation and Kriging interpolation is closer.

Study on the Promotion Strategy of College Students’ Reading and Writing Ability Under the Micro Network Environment

Network media has become more and more involved in our daily life. It has become a part of modern life that cannot be stopped or rejected. Then, how to correctly face the changes in the Internet era is placed in front of everyone. Students need to “learn how to use the media to get their all-round development, effectively prevent the foreign information pollution, and actively guide students to a truly rational attitude for WeChat, blog and micro-blog”. It is a kind of media literacy being confronted with the network’s ability to consciously resist the harmful information, but also to benefit their own development and firmly grasp the information, so as to make full use of the convenience of network self promotion. “Screen reading” network plays an important role in college students’ life, and the fragmentation, the text features of the writing ability of college students also have a strong impact; this paper focuses on the influence of college students in the network reading and writing patterns on their writing ability and influence. From the perspective of media literacy education for college students, writing ability and reading ability provide a feasible way.

Low-carbon scenario and technologies in modern city——Case study of Shenyang

From a multi-dimensional perspective of economic development,carbon dioxide and industrial pollutant emission and resource consumption in the case study of Shenyang,this paper analyzes the resource consumption and environmental impact in the process of urban economic development and low-carbon transition and evaluates the emission reduction potential and scenario of various technologies. The results show that city plays a key role in global low-carbon economic construction,and it is pointed out that emission reduction technology in urban scale can reduce total amount of carbon emission to substantial extent. From the aspect of future development,the input of technology and economic growth pattern should be strengthened so as to realize economic development as well as the total amount reduction of pollutant emission.

Pollutant and Soil Types Influence Effectiveness of Soil-Applied Absorbents in Reducing Rice Plant Uptake of Persistent Organic Pollutants

Persistent organic pollutants （POPs） in soils are an environmental concern due to their long-term bioavailability, which could be reduced by adding adsorbents. However, testing of these adsorbents is necessary prior to widespread field application. The effects of three adsorbents, nano-organic montmorillonite, nano-organic silicon dioxide （SiOs）, and activated carbon, on hexachlorobenzene （HCB） and pentachlorobenzene （PeCB） accumulation in rice （Oryza sativa L.） plants were tested in a greenhouse experiment using two soils, a Hydragric Acrisol （Ac） and a Gleyi-Stagnic Anthrosol （An）. The bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of HCB and PeCB to rice roots were 2.3-3.7 and 2.0 3.0 times those to rice shoots, respectively. The applications of the three adsorbents decreased HCB and PeCB extractability in Ac, while only the application of activated carbon decreased their extractability in An. The bioavailability of HCB and PeCB to rice plants in Ac was higher than that in An. In Ac, the applications of nano-organic SiOs and activated carbon decreased the BCF of HCB to rice roots by 16.1% and 26.8%, respectively, whereas only the application of activated carbon decreased the BCF of PeCB to rice roots by 31.4%, compared to the control. In An, only the application of activated carbon decreased the BCFs of HCB and PeCB to rice roots by 22.9% and 18.2%, respectively, compared to the control. However, the application of nano-organic montmorillonite inhibited rice growth in both soils. The results of this study suggested that the effectiveness of adsorbents would vary with pollutant and soil types, providing a reference point for developing efficient adsorbents to reduce the ecological risk of POPs.