Based on the annual production data collected by the Statistic Center of the Ministry of Railways of the People＇s Republic of China, we calculated the energy saving and direct emission reductions of CO2, soot, SO2, C...Based on the annual production data collected by the Statistic Center of the Ministry of Railways of the People＇s Republic of China, we calculated the energy saving and direct emission reductions of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm of electrified railways, and analyzed their dynamic characteristics during the period of 1975 2007. The results show that during this period, the annual mean values of energy saving is 1.23×10^6 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 4.267×10^6 t, 20.5×10^3 t, 3.0×10^3 t, 9.6×10^3 t, 67.9×10^3 t, and 6.9×10^3 t per year, respectively. The annual average increasing rates of energy saving is 139×10^3 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 483×10^3 t, 2.3×10^3 t, 0.34×10^3 t, 1.1×10^3 t, 7.7 ×10^3 t and 0.78×10^3 t per year, respectively. The electrified railways have played an important role in decreasing the energy consumption and air pollutant emissions of China＇s railway system. The results of this study could provide some reference knowledge for future reductions of energy consumption and waste gas emission in China＇s railway transportation.展开更多
The main objective of this study is estimating environmental pollution of hybrid biomass and co-generation power plants. Efficiency of direct tapping of biomass is about 15%-20%. Consequently, about 80% of energy woul...The main objective of this study is estimating environmental pollution of hybrid biomass and co-generation power plants. Efficiency of direct tapping of biomass is about 15%-20%. Consequently, about 80% of energy would be waste in this method. While in co-generation power plant, this number could improve to more than 50%. Therefore, to achieve higher efficiency in utilizing biomass energy, co-generation power plants is proposed by using biogas as fuel instead of natural gas. Proposed system would be supplied thermal and electrical energy for non-urban areas of Iran. In this regard, process of fermentation and gas production from biomass in a vertical digester is studied and simulated using analytic methods. Various factors affecting the fermentation, such as temperature, humidity, PH and optimal conditions for the extraction of gas from waste agriculture and animal are also determined. Comparing between the pollution emission from fossil fuel power plants and power plants fed by biomass shows about 88% reduction in greenhouse emission which significant number.展开更多
基金supported by Climate Change Special Project of China Meteorological Administration(No CCSF2011-14)
文摘Based on the annual production data collected by the Statistic Center of the Ministry of Railways of the People＇s Republic of China, we calculated the energy saving and direct emission reductions of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm of electrified railways, and analyzed their dynamic characteristics during the period of 1975 2007. The results show that during this period, the annual mean values of energy saving is 1.23×10^6 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 4.267×10^6 t, 20.5×10^3 t, 3.0×10^3 t, 9.6×10^3 t, 67.9×10^3 t, and 6.9×10^3 t per year, respectively. The annual average increasing rates of energy saving is 139×10^3 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 483×10^3 t, 2.3×10^3 t, 0.34×10^3 t, 1.1×10^3 t, 7.7 ×10^3 t and 0.78×10^3 t per year, respectively. The electrified railways have played an important role in decreasing the energy consumption and air pollutant emissions of China＇s railway system. The results of this study could provide some reference knowledge for future reductions of energy consumption and waste gas emission in China＇s railway transportation.
文摘The main objective of this study is estimating environmental pollution of hybrid biomass and co-generation power plants. Efficiency of direct tapping of biomass is about 15%-20%. Consequently, about 80% of energy would be waste in this method. While in co-generation power plant, this number could improve to more than 50%. Therefore, to achieve higher efficiency in utilizing biomass energy, co-generation power plants is proposed by using biogas as fuel instead of natural gas. Proposed system would be supplied thermal and electrical energy for non-urban areas of Iran. In this regard, process of fermentation and gas production from biomass in a vertical digester is studied and simulated using analytic methods. Various factors affecting the fermentation, such as temperature, humidity, PH and optimal conditions for the extraction of gas from waste agriculture and animal are also determined. Comparing between the pollution emission from fossil fuel power plants and power plants fed by biomass shows about 88% reduction in greenhouse emission which significant number.
