污染气象观测与气象资料应用的基本要求

依据有关技术文件和多年来的污染气象观测、评价等工作实践,就工程环境影响评价尤其是大气环境影响评价,如何进行污染气象布点观测、气象资料应用、大气扩散试验等方面作一讨论,其目的有助于评价技术工作科学与规范。

基于气象和空气质量观测数据的日太阳辐射估计

研究城市气象参数与城市近地面污染物对水平面太阳辐射强度的影响,并尝试建立水平面太阳辐射与气象、城市空气污染物观测数据的回归模型.1）收集了广州市2009~2012年水平面日太阳总辐射、地面气象数据、近地面空气污染物历史记录数据;2）根据太阳辐射传输理论和前人相关研究进行水平面太阳辐射的影响因素分析,并对收集到的数据进行处理;3）对水平面太阳总辐射、地面气象、近地面污染物浓度的观测数据进行相关性分析,分别建立了总体样本和分区间样本下的水平面太阳总辐射与气象、空气污染物观测数据的回归模型.结果表明,用单一回归模型解释各种影响因素对太阳辐射的削弱并不合理,而分区间样本下的分段回归模型反映了水平面太阳总辐射的随气象变化和颗粒物浓度变化的规律,预测结果也较为准确.

风致煤场起尘量观测分析

随着国民经济的发展，各港口、码头的煤场、矿石场不断增加，随之而来的有关煤粉、矿石粉在风力作用下造成的粉尘污染问题也日显重要。为了得到粉尘污染的正确估计，首先要搞清楚污染源源强，即堆场起尘量。与一般烟云污染源源强不同，煤堆场起尘量是风速、煤堆湿度、粒度比、太阳辐射状况、现场作业条件等等因素的函数。显然，我们很难写出一个包括所有因素在内的起尘量函数关系式。

环境健康与农村环保研究所上海市农业源大气污染研究进展及控制技术体系

(2)畜禽养殖业大气污染监测站点及网络针对目前国内大气氨排放源本地化排放系数缺失、不准确的现状,科研团队开展了畜禽养殖业重点氨排放源本地化实测研究,获取和掌握了上海市畜禽养殖业生猪、奶牛、蛋鸡、肉鸡等重点畜禽类型的氨排放特征和排放系数,建立了畜禽养殖业“金山振华奶牛氨排放监测试验基地”、“金山沁侬牧业规模化猪场氨排放监测试验基地”、“奉贤玉章蛋鸡氨排放监测试验基地”等一系列重点畜禽养殖业氨排放监测站点,形成了畜禽养殖业大气污染观测网络。

Significant contributions of the petroleum industry to volatile organic compounds and ozone pollution:Insights from year-long observations in the Yellow River Delta

The petroleum industry is a significant source of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs),but up to now,its exact impact on urban VOCs and ozone(O_(3))remains unclear.This study conducted year-long VOC ob-servations in Dongying,China,a petroleum industrial region.The VOCs from the petroleum industry(oil and gas volatilization and petrochemical production)were identified by employing the positive matrix factorization model,and their contribution to O_(3) formation was quantitatively evaluated using an observation-based chemical box model.The observed annual average concentration of VOCs was 68.6±63.5 ppbv,with a maximum daily av-erage of 335.3 ppbv.The petroleum industry accounted for 66.5%of total VOCs,contributing 54.9%from oil and gas evaporation and 11.6%from petrochemical production.Model results indicated that VOCs from the petroleum industry contributed to 31%of net O_(3) production,with 21.3%and 34.2%contributions to HO_(2)+NO and RO_(2)+NO pathways,respectively.The larger impact on the RO_(2) pathway is primarily due to the fact that OH+VOCs ac-count for 86.9%of the primary source of RO_(2).This study highlights the critical role of controlling VOCs from the petroleum industry in urban O_(3) pollution,especially those from previously overlooked low-reactivity alkanes.

Contrast patterns and trends of lapse rates calculated from near-surface air and land surface temperatures in China from 1961 to 2014

The near-surface lapse rate reflects the atmospheric stability above the surface.Lapse rates calculated from land surface temperature(γTs)and near-surface air temperature( γTa )have been widely used.However,γTs and γTa have different sensitivity to local surface energy balance and large-scale energy transport and therefore they may have diverse spatial and temporal variability,which has not been clearly illustrated in existing studies.In this study,we calculated and compared γTa and γTs at^2200 stations over China from 1961 to 2014.This study finds that γTa and γTs have a similar multiyear national average(0.53°C/100 m)and seasonal cycle.Nevertheless,γTs shows steeper multiyear average than γTa at high latitudes,and γTs in summer is steeper than γTa ,especially in Northwest China.The North China shows the shallowest γTa and γTs,then inhibiting the vertical diffusion of air pollutants and further reducing the lapse rates due to accumulation of pollutants.Moreover,the long-term trend signs for γTa and γTs are opposite in northern China.However,the trends in γTa and γTs are both negative in Southwest China and positive in Southeast China.Surface incident solar radiation,surface downward longwave radiation and precipitant frequency jointly can account for 80%and 75%of the long-term trends in γTa and γTs in China,respectively,which provides an explanation of trends of γTa and γTs from perspective of surface energy balance.