雨污管道巡检机器人嵌入式系统的设计与实现

城市雨污排水管道的巡检主要以人工为主,但由于地下管道环境错综复杂并存在有毒可燃气体,人员下井存在很大危险.虽然有部分巡检工作尝试采用巡检机器人代替人工,但这些机器人采用的有缆方式,存在巡检距离受限、操作繁琐、能耗高等问题,导致巡检效率低下,智能化程度低.针对上述问题以及巡检机器人的任务需求,设计并实现了一种更加安全可靠与智能的雨污管道巡检机器人嵌入式系统.该设计基于CCTV巡检方式,采用STM32作为主控芯片,搭载工业摄像头、传感器组等模块采集数据,并采用无线通信的方式与上位机进行连接,之后通过YOLOV5s自主判断所采集的视频流中是否存在淤积物堵塞问题.通过在广州市番禺区的实地试验,结果表明,嵌入式系统设计合理,管道巡检机器人能够实现各项功能与技术要求.

标准片质量对炉管污染的影响分析

本文主要就标准晶圆片质量对炉管污检结果的影响进行了各项试验研究。重点讨论了标准片材料电阻、氧化层厚度以及前处理清洗方式这三个方面。我们发现,标准片氧化层厚度的影响几乎没有,影响最大的是标准片的前处理清洗,通过优化该作业后,我们的标准片质量得到了很大的提高,污检通过率也增加了一倍。

Petrochemical wastewater treatment with a pilot-scale bioaugmented biological treatment system

In solving the deterioration of biological treatment system treating petrochemical wastewater under low temperatures, bioaugmentation technology was adopted by delivering engineering bacteria into a pilot-scale two-stage anoxic-oxic (A/O) process based on previous lab-scale study. Experimental results showed that when the concentrations of COD and NH4+-N of the influent were 370~910 mg/L and 10~70 mg/L, the corresponding average concentrations of those of effluent were about 80 mg/L and 8 mg/L respectively, which was better than the Level I criteria of the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). According to GC-MS analysis of the effluents from both the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the pilot system, there were 68 kinds of persistent organic pollutants in the WWTP effluent, while there were only 32 in that of the pilot system. In addition, the amount of the organics in the effluent of the pilot system reduced by almost 50% compared to that of the WWTP. As a whole, after bioaugmentation, the organic removal efficiency of the wastewater treatment system obviously in- creased.

Molecular Biological Detection of Biological Pollution in Water Environment

Water is contaminated mainly by chemical, physical and biological pollutants. At present, domestic reports on biological pollution of water environment are much less. Biological pollution in water environment pollution which is stable and infectious is the main part of water pollution. To fastly and accuratly detecte biological contamination of the water environment is extremely important for the control of disease outbreaks and water quality protection and public health security. This paper systematically introduces the research progress in biological water environment pollution detection methods in molecular biology aquatic environment, and explore molecular biology methods in the detection of biological contamination in water environment problems and trends.

A Novel 3-D Nano-assembly Bacteria Based Biosensor for Enhanced Detection of Heavy Metal Pollutants

Nowadays, at a time of growing concern for sustainable development and compliance with environmental standards and legislation, the detection of heavy metal contaminants in environmental matrices represents a difficult but important task. The current major limitation lies in the poor detection limits of the targeted pollutant＇s trace concentrations by the available conventional techniques. In order to elaborate a novel ＂living＂ self assembled electrochemical 3-D biosensor, the authors propose a new concept to overcome this shortcoming. The advantages of the properties of polyelectrolyte-functionalized NBs （nanobeads） are combined along with the use of non covalently strongly bound micro-organisms. The designed 3-D biosensor is all the more promising as it has showed a significantly improved sensitivity. In fact, the detection limits of the tested heavy metals （cadmium and mercury） were as low as 1.0 × 10^-12 mol.L-1 and six to seven orders of magnitude lower than those provided by conventional 2-D biosensors. Furthermore, it is potentially applicable to a wide range of bioreceptor-pollutant detection systems.

Trends of Urban Air Pollution in Zhengzhou City in 1996-2008

Urban air pollution is a commonly concerned environmental problem in the world. Identification of air quality trend using long-term monitoring data is helpful to understand the effectiveness of pollution control strategies. This study, using data from six monitoring stations in Zhengzhou City, analyzed the changing trend in concentrations of SO2, NOJNO2 and TSP/PM10 in 1996-2008, based on non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen＇s slope estimator, and evaluated the comprehensive air pollution level using Multi-Pollutant Index （MPI）. It was found that the concen- tration of each pollutant exceeded obviously the World Health Organization （WHO） guideline value, but the changing trend varied： SO2 and NO2 were significantly increased mainly due to an increase in coal consumption and vehicle number, while NOx, TSP and PM10 decreased. The air pollution was serious, and differed markedly among the three functional regions： it is the most severe in the Industrial and Residential Area （IRA）, followed by the Transportation Hub and Business District （THBD）, and then the High-tech, Cultural and Educational Area （HCEA）. Different from NO2 concentration that had a similar change trend/rate among the function regions, the change rate of PM10 concentra- tion differed spatially, decreased much more obviously in THBD than other two regions. For the whole city, the com- prehensive air pollution level declined gradually, illustrating that the air quality in Zhengzhou was improved in the last decade.

Fuzzy Pattern Recognition System for Detection of Alga Distribution

To realize the on-line measurement and make analysis on the density of algae and their cluster distribution, the fluorescent detection and fuzzy pattern recognition techniques are used. The principle of fluorescent fiber-optic detection is given as well as the method of fuzzy feature extraction using a class of neural network.

Evaluation and Trend Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Zhengzhou in 1998-2008

Water pollution is one of the major environmental prob- lems, especially in urban areas. Due to rapid urban expansion and industrialization, water pollution in Zhengzhou City, the capital of Henan Province in central China has become a serious problem for its development. In this study, the surface water quality was evalu- ated using Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index （NCPI）, and the change trend was calculated using methods of Mann-Kendall test and Sen＇s slope estimator, based on the monitoring data from 1998 to 2008. The results show that the NCP1 ranged from 3 to 50 in 70% of the monitoring cases, implying that most rivers were seriously polluted. However, this serious polltuon is expected to be gradually improved, as the concentration of water pollutants and NCPI declined significantly in most rivers. Water pollution in reservoirs was much lower than rivers, and the NCPI in the three monitored reservoirs was lower than 3 in most years, and shows a downward trend. Although the surface water quality was gradually improved, great efforts are still needed to enhance the protection and improvement of surface water environment.

In Vitro Detection of Herbicide-Tolerant Fungi Isolated from Pesticides Polluted-Soil

Forty-five rhizofungal isolates were isolated, identified and characterized from 11 herbicides polluted-soil. Among the isolates, 10 fungal species proved to be the most potent and promising ones in herbicides tolerance. The herbicides exhibited severe and dramatic effect and modulation on fungal DNA and protein represented in DNA and protein profile. Severely loss in the total soluble cell ions （SCI） and total cell protein percentage （TCPC） concentrations were observed. The loss of SCI by glyphosate, Aspergillus flavus （86,30%） was the most affected one, followed by Penicillium spiculisporus （76,30%）, Penicilliurn verruculosum （64.40%） and Alternaria tenuissima （64%）, respectively. For pendimethalin, Alternaria tenuissima （54.01%） was the most affected fungi. For diclofop-methyl, Penicillium spiculisporus （74.20%） was the most affected fungi. The loss of TCPC by glyphosate, Alternaria tenuissima （64.71%） was the most effected fungi, followed by Penicillium spiculisporus （57.14%）, respectively. For pendimethalin, A. terreus （54.29%） w, as the most affected fungi. For diclofop-methyl, Penicillium spiculisporus （60%） was the most affected fungi, fbllowed by Alternaria tenuissima （58.82%）, Aspergillus tamarii （55.56%）, respectively. The results proved severe reductions and alteration in protein, SCI, TCPC and DNA in fungal strains exposed to these herbicides which might reflex a degree of tolerance occurred during the assimilation of those toxic compounds from the pesticides polluted-soil.

Soil Contamination due to Activities： A Review with E-Waste Disposal and Recycling Special Focus on China

This paper presents a review of soil contamination resulting from e-waste recycling activities, with a special focus on China, where many data have been collected for a decade. Soils in the e-waste areas are often contaminated by heavy metals and organic compounds, mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs）, polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls （PCBs and PBBs）, dechlorane plus （DP）, hexabromocyclododecanes （HBCDs）, polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo- p-dioxins （PCDDs and PBDDs）, and polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzofurans （PCDFs and PBDFs）, while other compounds, not systematically monitored, can be found as well. Pollutants are generally present in mixtures, so pollution situations are complex and diversified with a gradient of contamination from agricultural soils to hot spots at e-waste sites and mainly in open burning areas. It has been proved that pollutants were transferred to the food chain via rice in China, and that the population was threatened since high levels of various pollutants were detected in blood, placentas, hair, etc., of residents of e-waste sites. Eventually, soil remediation techniques are reviewed. Although there are many available techniques devoted to heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, the current techniques for the e-waste sites, where these contaminants coexist, are very sparse. Phytoremediation has been investigated and co-cropping appears as a promising approach for the slightly contaminated agricultural soils. In some cases, different remediation techniques should be combined or trained, while the influence of coexisting contaminants and the removal sequence of contaminants should be considered. In hot spots, physical and chemical techniques should be used to reduce high pollution levels to prevent further pollutant dissemination. This review highlights the urgent needs for 1） characterization of pollution status in all the countries where e-wastes are recycled, 2） research on fate and toxicity of pollutant mixtures, and 3） development of combined techniques and strategies to remediate agricultural fields and hot spots of pollution.

Experimental study on applicability of using time-domain reflectometry to detect NAPLs contaminated sands

Underground contamination by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) becomes increasingly serious. Rapid and reliable detection of contaminated zone and degree is the first step to site remediation. In this paper, diesel and fine sand are used as experiment materials to investigate the applicability of using time-domain reflectometry (TDR) to detect LNAPLs contamination. The major work includes: measurement of dielectric constant and electrical conductivity for the diesel-water-air-sand mixtures; measurement of reflection waveform and dielectric constant for specimens with a diesel contaminated layer being sandwiched in sand. The experimental results show the followings: A significant decrease in both dielectric constant and electrical conductivity is observed for the diesel-water-air-sand mixtures when diesel displaces the pore water, and the content of diesel can be calculated by the model; insignificant change in dielectric properties is measured when diesel only displaces the pore gas; when the diesel contaminated sand is sandwiched between two saturated sand layers, the interfaces of the diesel contaminated layer can be identified by analyzing the reflection waveform; for field application, TDR method is valid for the case that LNAPLs seep into saturated sand layer, and the applicability of TDR method in vadose zone depends on the initial saturation of the sand layer. The findings obtained in this paper provide a guidance for the use of TDR for the field investigation of NAPLs contaminated site.

Science Letters:Detection of Catabacter hongkongensis in polluted European water samples

The Catabacteriaceae is a new bacterial family aerobic, non-sporulating, Gram-positive coccobacillus that is with a unique member： Catabacter hongkongensis is a strictly anphylogenetically related to some clostridial clusters. Little is known of its epidemiology and environmental distribution, but the inclusion of its 16S rRNA gene sequence in GenBank has allowed it to be detected qualitatively. As a first approach for prospective surveys, a real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR） procedure to identify C. hongkongensis has been developed. The presence of Catabacteriaceae in 29 water bodies subjected to possible human or animal impact has been investigated. Four of them were positive. The results confirm that highly polluted water can contain C hongkongensis.

Optical characteristics and environmental pollutants detection of porous silicon microcavities

Porous silicon microcavities (PSM) optical crystals consisting of a Fabry-Perot microcavity embedded between two distributed Bragg reflectors have been fabricated by electrochemical etching. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) clearly depicted their physical sandwich construction. The optical feature of the PSM structure was tuned by varying the anodization parameters. Through proper thermal oxidation and surface chemical modifications, the resulting structures were employed as optical sensors for the detection of environmental pollutants including volatile organic vapors (i.e. acetonitrile, toluene, cyclohexane, chloroform, acetone and ethanol) and interior decoration gases (i.e. toluene, ammonia and formaldehyde). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirmed the effective thermal annealing and surface modification chemistry, and the sensing process was accompanied by recording the modified structures' optical responses when exposed to target analytes. The PSM optical sensors showed good stability, sensitivity and selectivity, implying promising applications in gas sensing and en- vironmental monitoring.

Immobilization of Escherichia coli for detection of phage T4 using surface plasmon resonance

Phage contamination is a very serious and unavoidable problem in modem fermentation industry. It is necessary to develop sensitive and rapid phage detection methods for the early detection of phage contamination. In the present work, a real-time, rapid, specific and quantitative phage T4 detection method based on surface plasmon resonance （SPR） technique has been in- troduced. Escherichia coli was immobilized onto the preformed MPA self-assembled monolayer （SAM） through the widely used EDC/NHS cross-linking reaction as the recognition element. The bacteria immobilization was verified efficiently through the electrochemical measurements and fluorescence microscopy observations. The specific adsorption was much stronger than the non-specific adsorption of phage T4 binding to the biosensor surface modified by E. coli, and the latter could be neglected. The detection sensitivity reached 1×10^7 PFU/mL within 10 min. Within the experimental phage concentrations, the linear cor- relation between the SPR response and the phage concentration was good. The results suggest that the SPR technique is a po- tentially powerful tool for the phage or other virus detections, as a label-free, real-time, and rapid method.

Optimal reduction of anthropogenic emissions for air pollution control and the retrieval of emission source from observed pollutants Ⅰ. Application of incomplete adjoint operator

The ultimate solution to anthropogenic air pollution depends on an adjustment and upgrade of industrial and energy structures. Before this process can be completed, reducing the anthropogenic pollutant emissions is an effective measure. This is a problem belonging to "Natural Cybernetics", i.e., the problem of air pollution control should be solved together with the weather prediction; however, this is very complicated. Considering that heavy air pollution usually occurs in stable weather conditions and that the feedbacks between air pollutants and meteorological changes are insufficient, we propose a simplified natural cybernetics method. Here, an off-line air pollution evolution equation is first solved with data from a given anthropogenic emission inventory under the predicted weather conditions, and then, a related "incomplete adjoint problem" is solved to obtain the optimal reduction of anthropogenic emissions. Usually, such solution is sufficient for satisfying the air quality and economical/social requirements. However, a better solution can be obtained by iteration after updating the emission inventory with the reduced anthropogenic emissions. Then, this paper discusses the retrieval of the pollutant emission source with a known spatio-temporal distribution of the pollutant concentrations, and a feasible mathematical method to achieve this is proposed. The retrieval of emission source would also help control air pollution.

SERS-based mercury ion detections:principles,strategies and recent advances

Mercury ion(Hg^(2+)),known as one of the highly toxic and soluble heavy metal ions,is causing serious environmental pollution and irreversible damage to the health.It is urgent to develop some rapid and ultrasensitive methods for detecting trace mercury ions in the environment especially drink water.Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)is considered as a novel and powerful optical analysis technique since it has the significant advantages of ultra-sensitivity and high specificity.In recent years,the SERS technique and its application in the detection of Hg^(2+)have become more prevalent and compelling.This review provides an overall survey of the development of SERS-based Hg^(2+)detections and presents a summary relating to the basic principles,detection strategies,recent advances and current challenges of SERS for Hg^(2+)detections.

Study on Testing the Composition of Indoor Air Pollution to Benzene Series by Laser Mass Spectrometry

This paper reports some experimental detecting results of pollutants in the atmosphere by means of laser mass spectrometry. For toluene as calibration gas, the calibration procedure was also given. Benzene, toluene and xylene were discovered in testing indoor atmosphere resulting from dope in the course of fitment. Meanwhile, it is noticeable that the concentration of various harmful elements is obviously decreasing as timegoeson.