水产沉性颗粒饲料挤压蒸煮工艺对其理化特性的影响

为了规模化生产出低污染、高转化率的环保型水产沉性颗粒饲料,选用双螺杆挤压机对水产全价配合原料进行挤压熟化研究。以沉性水产硬颗粒饲料理化特性(膨化度、近似密度、糊化度、耐久性和水中稳定性)为重要指标,采用表面响应分析法研究了物料含水率(22%～38%)、套筒温度(70～170℃)和螺杆转速(73～107 r/min)对其挤压工艺和饲料理化特性的影响规律,SEM分析其微观结构。结果表明:物料含水率、套筒温度和螺杆转速均显著影响饲料的理化特性。中高物料含水率和套筒温度及低螺杆转速时,才能获得理想的沉性高熟化水产颗粒饲料,其理化特性具有低膨化度(1.14),高近似密度(757.6 g/L)、糊化度(879.5 g/kg)、耐久性(96.6%)和水中稳定性(88.7%)。SEM分析显示优化条件(物料含水率31%,套筒温度126℃,螺杆转速78 r/min)下生产的颗粒饲料结构光滑质密。该研究可为发展高效、低耗、低碳高品质沉性水产饲料研究和生产提供参考。

浮性膨化饲料与沉性硬颗粒饲料培育鱼种的对比试验

本文通过浮性膨化饲料、沉性硬颗粒饲料、浮性膨化饲料与沉性硬颗粒饲料混合三种不同方法培育鱼种的试验,进行了鱼苗的生长速度、水质情况、饵料系数、经济效益的比较,得出采用浮性膨化饲料培育在上述指标中较其它二种方法有明显优势的结论。生长速度:浮性膨化饲料>沉性硬颗粒饲料>浮性膨化饲料与沉性硬颗粒饲料混合;水质情况:浮性膨化饲料优于沉性硬颗粒饲料优于浮性膨化饲料与沉性硬颗粒饲料混合;饵料系数:浮性膨化饲料<沉性硬颗粒饲料<浮性膨化饲料与沉性硬颗粒饲料混合;经济效益:浮性膨化饲料高于沉性硬颗粒饲料高于浮性膨化饲料与沉性硬颗粒饲料混合。

膨化制粒和环模制粒工艺对饲料制粒加工质量和凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响

研究比较了膨化制粒和环模制粒工艺对饲料制粒加工质量和凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用、肝胰腺和肠道组织学的影响。设计鱼粉质量分数为20%的基础饲料,分别采用环模制粒和膨化制粒的方式,生产硬颗粒饲料和沉性膨化颗粒饲料,在检测饲料制粒加工质量指标后,饲喂初质量为7.72 g的凡纳滨对虾6周。和硬颗粒饲料相比,沉性膨化颗粒饲料的容重、耐久性指数和淀粉糊化度显著增加(P<0.05),硬度和含粉率显著降低(P<0.05),但二者在溶失率上没有显著差异(P>0.05)。经过6周养殖后,沉性膨化颗粒饲料组的饲料系数显著低于硬颗粒饲料组(P<0.05),虾体增重率在数值上高于硬颗粒饲料组(P>0.05);二者在摄食量、成活率、含肉率、全虾组成和肝胰腺消化酶、糖代谢相关酶活性方面均无显著差异(P>0.05);在肝胰腺和肠道组织学方面,摄食沉性膨化颗粒饲料和硬颗粒饲料的凡纳滨对虾均表现为组织结构清晰完整,未见明显的损伤。沉性膨化颗粒饲料较硬颗粒饲料具有更优的加工性能和更高的饲料利用效率(更低的饲料系数),二者对于凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺消化酶、糖代谢相关酶活性和肝胰腺、肠道组织学方面具有基本一致的影响。

饲料不同加工方式对草鱼生产性能的影响

采用同一营养水平的饲料配方,试制了非膨化沉性硬颗粒饲料和膨化浮性颗粒饲料(简称非膨化饲料和膨化饲料)。设非膨化饲料、膨化饲料和膨化与非膨化饲料混合投喂三个处理组(A非膨化饲料组; B膨化饲料组; C非膨化饲料∶膨化饲料=1∶1组)。每个处理三个平行,网箱养殖。结果:三个处理组,增重率、特定生长率、肥满度等均有差异;全鱼营养成分、水分、蛋白质和灰分含量差异不显著;脂肪含量差异显著。结果表明:膨化饲料喂养草鱼生长速度更快,肥满度较大;而非膨化饲料喂养的草鱼脂肪含量更低,肥满度相对较小;混合投喂介于两者之间。因此,草鱼养殖户可根据市场需求选择不同加工方式的饲料投喂。

两种水温条件下吉富罗非鱼对两种工艺饲料的表观消化率的比较

本试验采用相同的基础饲料配方,制成膨化浮性饲料(D1)和沉性颗粒饲料(D2),以0.1%的TiO2为外源指示剂,以平均初始体重为(54.21±0.47)g的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为研究对象,在22℃和28℃两种温度条件下比较研究其对这两种工艺饲料中常规营养成分和氨基酸的表观消化率。结果显示:在22℃条件下,D1组和D2组的增重率、特定生长率及对饲料中粗蛋白和氨基酸(除苯丙氨酸)的表观消化率无显著性差异;而D 1组的摄食率、饲料系数显著低于D2组;D1组粗脂肪的表观消化率显著高于D2组。在28℃条件下,D1组粗脂肪和粗蛋白的表观消化率显著高于D2组。与28℃组相比,22℃组的增重率、特定生长率、摄食率以及对饲料中干物质、粗蛋白的表观消化率显著降低,饲料系数显著增大,而必需氨基酸和总氨基酸的表观消化率无显著性差异。结果表明:膨化浮性饲料显著提高了两种温度下吉富罗非鱼粗脂肪的表观消化率。而22℃的温度条件下,降低了吉富罗非鱼对两种饲料中的干物质、粗蛋白的表观消化率。

Numerical simulation of flocculation and settling behavior of whole-tailings particles in deep-cone thickener

Rapid dewatering and thickening of whole-tailings with ultrafine particles is one of the most important processes for the whole-tailings paste preparation. Deep-cone thickener, a kind of such process for the flocculation and settling of whole-tailings, is particularly necessary to study. However, there exist many problems in observing the flocculation and settling process of whole-tailings, as well as the particle size distribution(PSD) of whole-tailings floccules in deep-cone thickener. Population balance model(PBM) is applied to predict the PSD in deep-cone thickener, and LUO model and GHADIRI model are employed to study the aggregation and fragmentation mechanism of the whole-tailings particles, respectively. Through three-dimensional numerical simulation on the whole-tailings flocculation and settling in deep-cone thickener using computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-PBM, the distribution of density and turbulent kinetic energy in deep-cone thickener were obtained, at the same time the spatio-temporal changes of whole-tailings floccules particle size distribution are analyzed. Finally, the major flocculation position in deep-cone thickener is found and the flocculation settling rules of whole-tailings are achieved.

Sub-nanometer-thick Al2O3 Overcoat Remarkably Enhancing Thermal Stability of Supported Gold Catalysts

Supported gold nanoparticle catalysts show extraordinarily high activity in many reactions. While the relative poor thermal stability of Au nanoparticles against sintering at elevated temperatures severely limits their practical applications. Here atomic layer deposition （ALD） of TiO2 and Al2O3 was performed to deposit an Au/TiO2 catalyst with precise thickness con-trol, and the thermal stability was investigated. We surprisingly found that sub-nanometer-thick Al2O3 overcoat can su ciently inhibit the aggregation of Au particles up to 600 C in oxygen. On the other hand, the enhancement of Au nanoparticle stability by TiO2 overcoat is very limited. Di use reffectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy （DRIFTS） of CO chemisorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements both con rmed the ALD overcoat on Au particles surface and suggested that the presence of TiO2 and Al2O3 ALD overcoat on Au nanoparticles does not considerably change the electronic properties of Au nanoparticles. The catalytic activities of the Al2O3 overcoated Au/TiO2 catalysts in CO oxidation increased as increasing calcination temperature, which suggests that the embed-ded Au nanoparticles become more accessible for catalytic function after high temperature treatment, consistent with our DRIFTS CO chemisorption results.

Origin of Red Color of the Lower Siwalik Palaeosols:A Micromorphological Approach

Palaeosols associated with fluvial of the Siwalik Group are and lacustrine deposits that occur as thick multiple pedocomplexes. The bright red color of the palaeosol beds has been earlier interpreted as a result of hot and arid palaeoclimate. However, as against this view, our investigations of the bright red palaeosol beds of the Lower Siwaliks suggest that the climate was cool and subhumid, instead of hot and arid during the deposition of these beds. Since cold climate is not very conducive to impart red coloration, further research is needed to explain the cause of these red beds. For this, the micromorphological study of soil thin sections was done which showed the presence of features such as dissolution and recrystallisation of quartz, feldspar and mica, compaction, slickensides, presence of calcite spars, subrounded and cracked nature of quartz grains, microfabric, complex patterns of birefringence fabrics, pigmentary ferric oxides, thick cutans and cementation by calcite. These features indicate that diagenesis took place on a large scale in these sediments. The positive Eh and neutral-alkaline pH of soils also suggest that the conditions were favorable for the formation of diagenetic red beds. During burial diagenesis of sediments, the hydroxides of ferromagnesian minerals got converted into ferric oxide minerals （hematite）. During deep burial diagenesis smectite was converted into illite and the preponderance of illite over smectite with increasing depth of burial also indicates the diagenesis of sediments. Thus, the red color of the Lower Siwalik palaeosols seems to be due mainly to the burial diagenesis of sediments and does not appear to be due to the then prevailing climatic condition.

Magnetic Characteristics of Surface Sediments of Liaodong Bay, China

Analysis of magnetic properties of marine surface sediments has been gradually proved to be one of the effective means for researching the source of marine sediments. In this paper, samples from 39 sites in Liaodong Bay were collected to analyze the magnetic characteristics of the surface sediments. Magnetic study indicated that the surface sediments of the Liaodong Bay are char- acterized by magnetite. In the middle and eastern part and the southwest comer of the Bay, the main magnetic grains were coarse multi- domain and pseudo-single-domain particles, while in other areas single-domain and pseudo-single-domain particles constitute the majority. Based on grain size and environmental magnetism data, the content of magnetic minerals has a positive correlation with the hydrodynamic environment when the magnetic mineral domain is finer. However, the content of magnetic minerals is in a complex relationship with the hydrodynamic environment in the coarse magnetic domain of magnetic minerals found in central Liaodong Bay and places outside the Fuzhou Bay, implying that the strong hydrodynamic environment accelerates the sedimentation of coarse magnetic minerals. Based on geographic pattern of magnetic properties, it can be inferred that the main provenance of the surface sediments of the Liaodong Bay is the surrounding rivers, and the comparative analysis indicates that Yellow River substances maybe also exist in the bay.

Stabilization of Magnetite Nanoparticles by Encapsulation into the Silica Matrix

Different methods have been investigated for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Control of the particle size, dispersion, purity and stability have been always regarded an issue. In this study magnetite （Fe304） superparamagnetic nanoparticles with a size range about 20 nm have been successfully synthesized using chemical co-precipitation method from the solution of ferrous/ferric mixed salt-solution in alkaline media in oxygen-free environment. The sol-gel method has been chose to encapsulate magnetic nanoparticles into silica matrix. The phase structures, morphologies, surface area, functional classes and magnetic properties have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM and AFM, BET, FT-IR and VSM. The results showed that the resultant films, consisting of encapsulated magnetite have crack free and smooth surface with a roughness value 1.5 rim.

Hydrophobic Ti_xO_y-C_mH_n Nanoparticle Film Prepared by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

The hydrophobic films of TixOy-CmHn. deposited from mixture gases of titanium isopropoxide （TTIP） and oxygen by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition （PECVD） were investigated. The films were investigated by scanning electron microscope （ SEM ）, transmission electron microscope （ TEM ）, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer （ FTIR）, X-Ray diffraction （ XRD ）, element analysis （ EA ）, ultraviolet visible spectrometer （ UV-Vis）, and water contact angle （WCA）. The results reveal that the surface of the films is formed by mierosized papillaes aggregated by inorganic and organic phases of complex nanoparticles with size from 50 nm to 200 nm when the discharge power is increased from 40 W to 150 W. All fdms demonstrate the strong broad of Ti-O-Ti stretching vibration at 400 -800cm-1, -CH bending vibration at 1 388 cm -1, and broadening -OH stretching vibration at 3 000-3500 cm-1 With the increase of the discharge power, the asdeposited film changes from amorphous to crystallization. The WCA of the film can be as high as 160°, indicating the hydrophobicity. The films show a similar ultraviolet absorption property as the bulk TiO2 film. The composition of the composition of film deposited at 150 W can be formulated as Tio.302-C1.5H3. Therefore, the composition formula of this hydrophobic film could be expressed as TiO2-C5H10O4.7. It is believed that the complex micro/nano structures of TiO2 and C5H10O4.7 residues are responsible for the observed hydrophobicity and the ultraviolet absorption property of the film.

Investigation of the thermal stability of Mn ferrite particles synthesized by a modified co-precipitation method

Manganese ferrite particles with spinel structure were synthesized by a modified co-precipitation method,and then the thermal stability on their structural and magnetic properties was investigated by thermal annealing at different gas ambients.Experimental results showed that decomposition of metal oxides occurred when Mn ferrite particles with spinel structure were annealed under air ambient,while samples annealed in vacuum or argon remained in the spinel structural form.The highest saturation magnetization value of 58 emu/g was obtained when the sample was annealed at 400℃ in argon.The result showed that the thermal stability of MnFe2O4 was better under Ar ambient conditions or in vacuum.

Characteristics and sedimentary processes of lamina-controlled sand-particle imbricate structure in deposits on Lingshan Island, Qingdao, China

Imbricate structure is a common sedimentary structure and is well developed in sandy sediments. Here, we report a lamina- controlled fine-sand-particle imbricate structure in a set of very fine grained sedimentary rocks （fine sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone） at the Dockyard and Qianceng Cliff areas of Lingshan Island, Qingdao, Shandong, China. Sets of up to 300 laminae are found in stratigraphic profiles in these areas. The laminae are generally less than 1 mm thick, with most being 0.3-0.4 mm thick and the thinnest being 〈0.1 ram. The dip angle of the imbricate structure varies widely, between 0° and 90°, with an av- erage dip angle of about 40°-50°, which is higher than that of imbricate riverbed gravels （about 34°）. The dip angle is a func- tion of the shape and sorting of the particles, as well as the hydrodynamic conditions under which these fine-grained sediments were deposited. Several profiles show well-developed multiscale, soft-sediment deformation structures. Flute casts, load casts, and groove casts are also common. Fragments of carbon remains occur widely and commonly constitute stringers several mil- limeters thick and up to 10 cm long, together with fine clasts. Vitrain lenticles are also common. Based on the imbricate struc- ture of the Lingshan Island deposits, it is shown that in addition to paleocurrent analysis, the imbricate structure can be used to infer information about fluid properties, transport characteristics, and sedimentary processes of the depositional environment. A near-bottom underflow, either of authigenic origin or derived from cold river water in winter in a delta interdistributary bay or delta-front environment, is inferred to have provided the hydrodynamic setting in which this imbricate structure formed. The imbricate structure, together with other sedimentary structures and features, shows that the sedimentary rocks on Lingshan Is- land were deposited in an inland, shallow-water environment, such as a delta, and not in a deep-water or submarine continen- tal-slope environment.

Particle inertia effect on sediment dispersion in turbulent open-channel flows

Particle inertia effect plays a significant role in sediment dispersion which has not been fully elucidated.In this paper,the profound effect of particle inertia on the sediment dispersion was analyzed.The theoretical expression for the drift velocity based on the two-phase mixture theory in turbulent open channels is firstly introduced.The influence of particle inertia on sediment dispersion was investigated through three different aspects including vertical dispersion,motion,and flux properties based on the drift velocity.Results show that the dispersion of suspended sediment in turbulent open-channel flows is affected by three major processes including turbulence of water sediment mixtures,particle random motion,and collisions among particles,of which the contributions of particle turbulence and collisions to the sediment dispersion are remarkable for particles of high inertia.With respect to the vertical mean velocity and sediment flux,it shows that the predictive results agree well with the measurements when the term of particle inertia is considered.As a result,particle inertia considerably affects the behavior of suspended sediment.In particular,the influence of inertia must be accounted for in circumstances of flows laden with high-inertia particles.

Application of supersonic particle deposition to enhance the structural integrity of aircraft structures

Aircraft metal components and structures are susceptible to environmental degradation throughout their original design life and in many cases their extended lives.This paper summarizes the results of an experimental program to evaluate the ability of Supersonic Particle Deposition(SPD),also known as cold spray,to extend the limit of validity(LOV)of aircraft structural components and to restore the structural integrity of corroded panels.In this study the potential for the SPD to seal the mechanically fastened joints and for this seal to remain intact even in the presence of multi-site damage(MSD)has been evaluated.By sealing the joint the onset of corrosion damage in the joint can be significantly retarded,possibly even eliminated,thereby dramatically extending the LOV of mechanically fastened joints.The study also shows that SPD can dramatically increase the damage tolerance of badly corroded wing skins.