水雷冲击掩埋的一维-三维模型预测

当圆柱体或非圆柱体海军水雷通过空气、水和沉积物下落时,水雷冲击掩埋状态预测模型建立了一段时间历程.模型的输出是预测水雷在空气和水柱中的运动轨迹、在沉积物中的掩埋深度和方向,以及雷体在掩埋物中凸出部分的高度、面积和体积.模型的输入包括环境、水雷特征和初始释放状态等参数.综述近30年来水雷冲击掩埋预测模型从一维到三维的发展情况:(1)一维模型预测了在水雷降落角度恒定时的水雷质心的垂向位置;(2)二维模型预测了水雷质心在(x,z)二维平面中的位置以及绕y轴的旋转情况;(3)三维模型预测了水雷质心在(x,y,z)三维空间里的位置以及绕x,y和z轴的旋转情况.这些模型均通过从水雷冲击掩埋试验中获得的实验数据进行了验证.一维模型只求解了在沿z轴方向运动的一个动量方程,它不能很好地预测水雷的运动轨迹和掩埋深度.二维模型仅限于水雷在(x,z)平面中的运动状态预测,而且要求雷体周围的流体是静止的,另外,使用了不准确的阻尼系数和不精确的沉积物动力学.因此,二维模型在水雷的运动轨迹和埋藏深度的预测上误差很大(比在Monterey湾砂底观察的深度大6～10倍).三维模型能很好地预测圆柱体、近圆柱体以及实验用的Manta和Rockan等水雷的运动轨迹和掩埋深度.

Distribution Pattern of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of the Jiaozhou Bay

Grain size analysis and chemical analysis of heavy metals are made for 312 surface samples of the Jiaozhou Bay. Nineteen samples of the waste water taken from the sewage discharge outlets along the eastern coast of the bay are also analyzed for heavy metals. Results show that heavy metals are richer in the east and poorer in the west of the bay. Sedimentary dynamic studies reveal that the distribution of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Jiaozhou Bay is under the control of hydrodynamics.

Simulation for Water Quality Management in Inohana Lake Estuary, Japan

The Inohana Lake is a branch lake of the Hamana Lake. The Inohana Lake is an estuary rather than a brackish lake, and has suffered environmental problems such as eutrophication and bottom hypoxic water. In this study, the coupled hydrodynamic and ecological models （eco-hydrodynamic model） were used to construct the strategy for preventing the bottom hypoxic water and improving or recovering the water quality in the lake. Using the model input obtained from the summertime data over 1998-2002, the summer-average flow field and oxygen concentration and budget of the standard run were calculated. Remedial measures used in this study are divided into two parts： the biogeochemical and physical changes in the present situation. For the remedial measures including the biogeochemical changes in the present situation, the simulations considering the reductions of the nutrient inputs from the river, main lake （land） and bottom sediment, and the sediment oxygen demand （SOD） were carried out. For the remedial measures including the physical changes, the 50 and 100 m extensions of the inlet width were considered in the model runs. These simulated results were compared in terms of changes in the dissolved oxygen （DO） concentration and oxygen budget in the bottom layer in the Inohana Lake. There was no significant change in the DO concentration and oxygen stock in the simulations for the reduction of the nutrient inputs from the land and bottom sediment, however increases in those in the simulations for the reduction of SOD. When SOD was reduced by 50%, the bottom DO concentration increased by approximately 2 mg/L and the oxygen stock in the bottom layer increased by 47% comparing the present situation （the standard run） of the lake. The simulation results for inlet width extension showed that the extension of width makes the DO concentration and oxygen stock lower. The remedial measures for the sediment control were proposed to prevent the bottom hypoxia and manage the water quality.

Evidences of Holocene transgression on Domingos Petrolini Swamp, southern coastal plain, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The Domingos Petrolini Swamp, located on the Southern Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, near the town of Rio Grande, constitutes an ample holocene lagoonal deposit. Events related to the holocene transgression and their diverse phases of glacial-eustatic ocillations were found through palynological analysis. Bases on these palynological data, four distinct phases to the paleoenvironmental evolution of the ecosystem were identified. It has also shown a transgressive restricted marine sequence on the base, which suggests the existence of a coastal brackish lagoon or a marisme type of environment. Later, there was a gradation for continentality conditions along with a scarce pollinical record. The third phase is characterized by the presence of marine components and halophyte vegetation, showing another transgressive event in that place. Lastly, the end of direct marine influence over the swamp was recorded and also the vegetation development as it appears these days.

Numerical simulation of pollution process due to resuspension of bed materials adsorbing pollutants in alluvial rivers

Resuspension of bed materials absorbing pollutants potentially poses unpredictable challenges to water management in alluvial rivers and its mechanism of transport has not been widely recognized.In this study,a transport equation that defines the movement of pollutants adsorbed on the bed materials in the active bed layer is established,on the basis of mass conservation law and continuum theory.The transport equation is coupled into the 1-D mathematical model to numerically investigate water pollution process due to the scour of the bed sediment adsorbing pollutants.Comparisons with the situation in which the dynamics of the active bed layer is not considered indicate that the periodical evolution of the bed layer plays an innegligible role in the pollution process due to sediment re-suspension.Furthermore,comparisons of the results with available experimental observations are presented,and fairly good agreement is obtained.