Porcine model characterizing various parameters assessing the outcome after acetaminophen intoxication induced acute liver failure

To investigate the changes of hemodynamic and laboratory parameters during the course of acute liver failure following acetaminophen overdose.METHODSEight pigs underwent a midline laparotomy following jejunal catheter placement for further acetaminophen intoxication and positioning of a portal vein Doppler flow-probe. Acute liver failure was realized by intrajejunal acetaminophen administration in six animals, two animals were sham operated. All animals were invasively monitored and received standardized intensive care support throughout the study. Portal blood flow, hemodynamic and ventilation parameters were continuously recorded. Laboratory parameters were analysed every eight hours. Liver biopsies were sampled every 24 h following intoxication and upon autopsy.RESULTSAcute liver failure (ALF) occurred after 28 ± 5 h resulted in multiple organ failure and death despite maximal support after further 21 ± 1 h (study end). Portal blood flow (baseline 1100 ± 156 mL/min) increased to a maximum flow of 1873 ± 175 mL/min at manifestation of ALF, which was significantly elevated (P < 0.01). Immediately after peaking, portal flow declined rapidly to 283 ± 135 mL/min at study end. Thrombocyte values (baseline 307 × 103/µL ± 34 × 103/µL) of intoxicated animals declined slowly to values of 145 × 103/µL ± 46 × 103/µL when liver failure occurred. Subsequent appearance of severe thrombocytopenia in liver failure resulted in values of 11 × 103/µL ± 3 × 103/µL preceding fatality within few hours which was significant (P > 0.01).CONCLUSIONDeclining portal blood flow and subsequent severe thrombocytopenia after acetaminophen intoxication precede fatality in a porcine acute liver failure model.

易大厂篆刻略论

易大厂的篆刻根柢于他的“广雅旧学”。一方面,易大厂取法赵之谦,又主攻古玺、汉凿印、六朝朱文和拟甲骨文、金文、古镜、泉币、《天发神谶碑》等高古、写意一类的文字“印外求印”,从而形成了简古自然、“入玺攻汉”的篆刻风格。另一方面,易大厂喜酒微醺时奏刀,以锈、钝刀,“棒、杵之法”或“大厂扫雪法”,并根据不同艺术效果需求的篆刻用材快刃急成,从而构建了以刀痕石趣为审美追求的刀法体系,开晚近一新纪元。