印德拉瓦迪河4号电站辅助引水方案设计探讨

对尼泊尔印德拉瓦迪河4号电站的大坝与沉沙池辅助引水方案的设计过程做了一个较为详细的介绍,指出在对国外水电工程的设计过程中,虽然采用的是国内的设计规范和标准,但一定要结合当地的地形、地貌和水文地质条件,就地取材,设计出符合当地实情的、优质的、经济合理的水电工程;且要尝试采用国外的设计规范和标准来进行设计,为我国的水电工程设计在国际市场占据一席之地打下坚实的基础。

浅议清代河政部门与地方政府的关系

河政部门与地方政府的关系可以简称为"河印"①关系。本文简要探讨了清代河道总督和沿河地方督抚的关系,包括东河总督与河南、山东二省巡抚的关系,南河总督与两江总督的关系;河员与地方州县印官的关系;对当代"河印"关系在黄河防汛层面上也作了简要探讨。

刚果(金)ZONGOⅡ水电站工程坝址方案的选择

刚果(金)ZONGOⅡ电站为低坝引水径流式电站,在综合考虑地形、地质条件、建筑物布置、施工导流与施工场地布置、工程造价等因素后,选定下坝址(坝线)建坝方案。

A Comparison of SWAT Model Calibration Techniques for Hydrological Modeling in the Ganga River Watershed

The Ganga River, the longest river in India, is stressed by extreme anthropogenic activity and climate change, particularly in the Varanasi region. Anticipated climate changes and an expanding populace are expected to further impede the efficient use of water. In this study, hydrological modeling was applied to Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT） modeling in the Ganga catchment, over a region of 15 621.612 km2 in the southern part of Uttar Pradesh. The primary goals of this study are： ① To test the execution and applicability of the SWAT model in anticipating runoff and sediment yield; and ② to compare and determine the best calibration algorithm among three popular algorithms-sequential uncertainty fitting version 2 （SUFI-2）, the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation （GLUE）, and par-allel solution （ParaSol）. The input data used in the SWAT were the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission （SRTM） digital elevation model （DEM）, Landsat-8 satellite imagery, soil data, and daily meteorological data. The watershed of the study area was delineated into 46 sub-watersheds, and a land use/land cover （LULC） map and soil map were used to create hydrological response units （HRUs）. Models utilizing SUFI- 2, GLUE, and ParaSol methods were constructed, and these algorithms were compared based on five cat-egories： their objective functions, the concepts used, their performances, the values of P-factors, and the values of R-factors. As a result, it was observed that SUFI-2 is a better performer than the other two algo-rithms for use in calibrating Indian watersheds, as this method requires fewer runs for a computational model and yields the best results among the three algorithms. ParaSol is the worst performer among the three algorithms. After calibrating using SUFI-2, five parameters including the effective channel hydraulic conductivity （CH_K2）, the universal soil-loss equation （USLE） support parameter （USLE_P）, Manning＇s n value for the main channel （CH_N2）, the surface runoff lag time （SURLAG）, and the available water capac-ity of the soil layer （SOL_AWC） were observed to be the most sensitive parameters for modeling the pre-sent watershed. It was also found that the maximum runoff occurred in sub-watershed number 40 （SW#40）, while the maximum sediment yield was 50 t.a ^1 for SW#36, which comprised barren land. The average evapotranspiration for the basin was 411.55 mm.a ^1. The calibrated model can be utilized in future to facilitate investigation of the impacts of LULC, climate change, and soil erosion.

Spatial Variability of Mass Movements in the Satluj Valley,Himachal Pradesh during 1990～2006

Satluj Valley is known to have a history of landslides and related mass movement activities since the geological times. Geological and geomorphological settings combined with anthropogenic activities constitute a propensity towards slope failure. During the last two decades,the area witnessed substantial increase in athropogenic pressure,mainly due to the exploitation of hydropower potential,changing landuse pattern and population growth. In addition,a shift of the climatic patterns in the form of larger area falling under the influence of rains was observed. These natural as well as anthropogenic changes in the area have resulted in increased spatial coverage of landslide in the area. This paper documents these changes during 1990～2006.

Current Vegetation Pattern along Glacial Landscape in Central (Garhwal) Himalaya, India

Current vegetation patterns, biodiversity and adaptation of plants were studied during 1998-2001 in glacial landscape of Chaurabari situated above Kedarnath （30° 44＇ N- 79° 07＇ E; 3,000- 6,000 m） in Central Himalaya. Landscape was identified into different zones on account of the vegetation status, glacial features, geomorphology and altitudes. Cold environment with heavy snowfall, frost hailstorm and dense frost characterizes the study area Predominance of the soda rich feldspars indicates soda enrichment; orthoclase, microcline weathering and alternation would have contributed potash to the soil. The increasing severity of the environment as we ascend from timberline to snowline leads to progressive decline in the abundance and diversity of the plant species. The diversity of the higher plants decrease, while the diversity of microflora increase from alpine zone to snowline zone. Highly opulent and diverse flora with beautiful, delicate herbs occupy the alpine zone, but some specialized groups of the plants, particularly high energetic and cold resistant species reside in glacial environment. Asteraceae, Rananculaceae, Primulaceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae and Ericaceae are the pioneer angiospermic families, while Anaphalis triplinervis, A. royleana, Androsacce sarmentosa, Cotoneaster rotundifolius,Lonicera myrtillus, Cassiope fastigiata, Gaultheria trichophylla and Erigeron multiradiatus are the pioneer species, which have invaded in glacial environment. Through its nature, alpine glacial ecotone can be seen easily due to environmental and edaphic differences.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Quality of Aromatic Rice in North-Western Indo-Gangetic Plains

Most of the aromatic rice cultivars are susceptible to disease, insect-pest attack and are more prone to lodging. Therefore, nitrogen is the key input for increasing the productivity of aromatic rice. Research analyzing the effects of N level on yield and quality characteristics of modem aromatic cultivars in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains is not well documented. Therefore, the present study was conducted to optimise the N levels for higher yield and better quality of the modem aromatic rice cultivars. The mean grain yield increased by 22.5% when plots were supplemented with 40 kg/ha of N application as compared to control （unfertilized）. Among cultivars, Punjab Mehak 1 registered highest yield （5.3 t/ha） followed by Pusa Basmati 1121 （4.78 t/ha） and Punjab Basmati 2 （4.66 t/ha） respectively. Interactive effect between N levels and cultivars on grain yield revealed that in Punjab Mehak l, grain yield responded significantly up to 60 kg/ha of N application as compared to Pusa Basmati 1121 and Punjab Basmati 2 where it responded only upto 40 kg/ha of N application. All the quality characteristic found to be improved with N application, whereas amylose content decreased with 60 kg/ha of N application as compared to 20 and 40 kg/ha of N application.

Suspended sediment dynamics in the meltwater of Chhota Shigri glacier, Chandra basin, Lahaul-Spiti valley, India

Present study shows suspended sediment dynamics in the meltwater of Chhota Shigri glacier,Himachal Pradesh,India for different melt seasons during the period 2011-2014.Maximum suspended sediment concentration in the meltwater was found during the month of July 2011,2012 and 2014 constituting to 55.2%,48.3% and 46.9%,respectively.Whereas in 2013,maximum suspended sediment concentration was observed in August accounting for46.1% of the total.On the other hand,maximum suspended sediment load was monitored in the month of July 2011,2012 and 2014 constituting 59.5%,63% and 55.7% of the total,respectively.Whereas in2013,maximum suspended sediment load was observed in the month of August accounting for 49.8% of the total suspended sediment load.Annual distribution of suspended sediment concentration(SSC)and suspended sediment load(SSL)in the Chhota Shigri glacier shows higher value of SSC and SSL during the study period 2012 and 2013,which may be due to the presence of high glacial runoff and negative mass balance of the studied area during these time periods.Marked diurnal variation has been observed in the SSC of meltwater.Strong correlation was observed between SSC and SSL with discharge.On the other hand,SSC and SSL also showed strong exponential correlation with air temperature of the studied area.Sediment yield from the catchment of Chhota Shigri glacier is high during the peak melt season(July and August)and low during the late melt season(September and October).The average value of erosion rate for Chhota Shigri glacier basin during the study period 2011-2014 was calculated to be 1.1mm/yr,which is lower than the average erosion rate of other Himalayan glaciers such as Rakiot,Chorabari and Gangotri glaciers,which may be caused by its geological setting containing high erosion resistant rocks such as granite,granite gneiss and porphyritic granite.

恤品河窝母艾谋克印历史信息再探

恤品河窝母艾谋克印属地本在今绥芬河地带,该印在黑龙江边嘉荫县被发现,此地在金代属于蒲与路,异地发现此印与部落迁徙移动有关。恤品河窝母艾谋克印被视为金代恤品路下辖,另《金史》载有“窝谋罕”首领、“窝谋海”村,与窝母艾实同音异写。“窝谋罕”“窝谋海”属于五国部胡里改,由此反映出辽金五国部、五国城的相关历史,以及胡里改路的地域范围等,恤品河窝母艾谋克印背后历史可以再挖掘。

Field and Laboratory Observations on Predation and Prey Selectivity of the Scyphomedusa Chrysaora cf.caliparea in Southeast Indian Waters

Chrysaora cf.caliparea,one of the most abundant medusae species in India,seems to be an important predator in the coastal waters of Bay of Bengal.The ability of Chrysaora cf.caliparea to feed at maximum rate in high prey concentrations implies that this jellyfish can efficiently exploit dense prey patches,at least for a short period.This study presents preliminary information regarding digestion and feeding rate upon copepods in a warm water environment.The ingestion rate of the average-sized medusae Chrysaora cf.caliparea is well balanced in nature,which in turn implies that this jellyfish is tuned for optimal utilization of available prey resources.Comparison with earlier research indicates that prey escape speed is one important factor governing which prey will be captured.A full understanding of predation mechanics awaits further investigation of both predator and prey behavior.However,because of the scarcity of long-term quantitative population data most insights have to be made indirectly.Nevertheless,low abun-dance of Chrysaora cf.caliparea in the water column during summer (May 2007) and the overall annual abundance seem not to con-siderably affect the zooplankton population,especially copepods.The present work contributes to the knowledge of prey-predator relationship of the forgotten fauna in Indian waters,which is especially crucial for understanding the process of ecological recovery of coastal water environment.

Application of QUAL2K for Water Quality Modeling of River Ghataprabha （India）

River Ghataprabha, during its course through Belgaum district in Karnataka state （India）, receives untreated domestic waste from Gokak town and other neighboring villages situated on the bank of the river. The present study involves the application of water quality model QUAL2K to predict the water quality of this polluted segment of the river. The model was calibrated and validated for biochemical oxygen demand （BOD）, dissolved oxygen （DO） and total nitrogen （TN） in pre-monsoon season. Data for calibration and validation were obtained after the field and laboratory measurements. The performance of the model was evaluated using statistics based on standard errors （SE） and mean multiplicative errors （MME）. The model represented the field data quite well with some exceptions. In spite of some differences between the measured and simulated data sets at some points, the calibration and validation results are acceptable especially for the developing countries where the financial resources are often limited for frequent monitoring campaigns and higher accuracy data analysis.

Biomass and bio-energy production of ten multipurpose tree species planted in sodic soils of indo-gangetic plains

Ten multipurpose tree species, Terminalia arjuna, Azadirechta indica, Prosopis juliflora, Pongamia pinnata, Casuarina equisetifolia, Prosopis alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Pithecellobium dulce and Cassia siamea, were raised in a monoculture tree cropping system on the sodic soil of Gangetic alluvium in north India （26° 47° N： 80°46′ E） for 10 years to evaluate the biomass and bio-energy production. The soil was compact, sodic and impervious to water associated with nutrient deficiency or toxicity. Maximum plant height was recorded with E. tereticornis followed by C.equisetifolia and P. juliflora. A. nilotica performed better than the other species in terms of diameter at breast height （DBH） with a basal area of 13.04 m^2·ha^-1, followed by P. juliflora and C. equisetifolia. P. juliflora and A. nilotica produced nearly similar biomass of 56.50 and 50.75 Mg·ha^-1, respectively, at 10 years; whereas, A. indica, P. pinnata, C. siamea and P. alba did not perform well. P. juliflora scored maximum in net biomass production and nutrient demand. Nutrient （N, P, K, Ca, and Mg） concentrations were higher in leaf component of P. juliflora. However, in woody components, there was little variation between the species. N removal for production of one ton of wood was lowest in Acacia nilotica, P in T. arjuna, K in P. dulce and Ca and Mg in P. juliflora. P. juliflora gave the highest energy production of 1267.75 GJ.ha^-1 followed by A. nilotica with 1206 GJ.ha^-1 and the lowest ofA. indica （520.66 GJ.ha^-1）.

Analysis of Longitudinal Profiles along the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Resulting from the collision of the Eurasian and Indian plates, the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is commonly known as the ＇roof of the world＇. Collectively the Yarlung Tsangpo, Nu, Laneang, Yangtze, Yalong, and Yellow River basins drain the eastern margin of the plateau. In this paper, we utilize Shuttle Radar Topography Mission elevation data to examine morphometric and relief attributes of these basins to reveal insights rates of incision. A robust into tectonic activity and technique using Maflab is proposed to alleviate errors associated with SRTM data in the derivation of river longitudinal profiles. Convex longitudinal profiles are interpreted to be a product of uplift rates that exceed rates of channel incision along the entire margin of the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau. Highest relief towards the south reflects extensive fluvial incision. High relief is also prominent along major active faults. Erosion patterns are related to distance from knickpoints. Highest rates of erosion and incision are evident towards the south, with decreasing values towards the north, suggesting a link between tectonic activity and erosion.

State and fate of the remaining tropical mountain glaciers in Australasia using satellite imagery

Tropical glaciers are extremely sensitive to a warming climate. In this paper, the evolution of the remaining tropical glaciers in Australasia(Irian Jaya, Indonesia) during the period 1988-2015 was quantified. Landsat series images, a digital elevation model from SRTM, and previously published data were used. Estimated total glacier area in 1988, 1993, 1997 and 2004 was 3.85 km2±0.13 km2, 3.01 km2±0.08 km2, 2.49 km2±0.07 km2 and 1.725 km2 ±0.042 km2, respectively. Only 0.58 km2±0.016 km2 glacierized area remained in 2015 in Puncak Jaya, which is about 84.9% loss in just 27 years. If this rate continued, the remaining tropical glaciers in Australasia would disappear in the 2020 s. Timeseries analysis of climate variables showed significant positive trends in air temperature(0.009°C per year) and relative humidity(0.43% per year) but no considerable tendency was observed for precipitation. Warming climate together with mining activities would accelerate loss of glacier coverage in this region.

Weed Incidences and Their Effect on Crop Productivity under Diversified Rotational Cropping Systems in the Lateritic Belt of Lower Gangetic Plain of Eastern India

A field experiment was conducted from 2002-2005 on a sandy clay loam red and lateritic soil under irrigation in a farmer＇s field at Senkapur （Lat. 23°36.79′ N, Long. 87°38.14′E, Elev. 46 m AMSL）, Birbhum, West Bengal, India. The objective was to provide the temporal changes of weed diversity and density, ecology, and impact of rotational cropping systems on different crops under double and triple cropping systems with improved （IP） and farmer＇s packages （FP）. There was significantly higher weed density in FP than in IP on all years. Grasses and sedges were more in vegetable-based rotational systems; but grasses and broad leaf weeds （BLWs） were more in rice-based rotational systems. The lowest weed population was in vegetable-based systems. Grasses increased in rice-based systems but gradually decreased in vegetable-based systems in subsequent years. Sedge density was higher in vegetable- than in rice-based rotational systems. Density of BLWs was higher but that of sedges was lower in rice-based rotational systems as compared to vegetable-based systems. Density of BLWs gradually decreased in all rotational systems over the years in both packages. Density of weeds decreased gradually in subsequent years indicating the positive effect of rotational systems on suppression of weeds. Results indicate that the weed density can be reduced through judicious diversified rotational cropping systems. Peanut-brinjal＋brinjal, okra-chilli＋chilli and cucumber-cabbage-basella systems greatly reduced the weed density in both packages, and hence can be recommended for the lateritic belt of lower Gangetic plain of eastern India.

Model of Pollution Management Control in Badung River： Enhancing Role of Traditional Law on Common Resource

Badung River in the Denpasar city of Bali Province, Indonesia, faces many challenging issues recently. As a common pool resource, the river has been under pressure from many activities including household activities which dump household wastes, and pollution externalities arising from dyeing and screen-printing of fabric industries. Conventional approach to control the pollution might not be effective since it will end up in zero sum game. This paper attempts to explore the role of traditional institituion in managing common pool resource such as controlling river pollution. This research is aimed to know the effectiveness of traditional law on managing pollution of printing and dyeing industries on this big river. Survey method was used for collecting primary data and then the data was analyzed by ordinal regression to determine the effect of internal and external factors which influence the intensity of pollution. The result indicates that even though traditional might help to influence household and industry＇s decision making, it might not sufficient enough to reduce the pollution of the river. Other factors are influencing the waste management, such as level of waste management knowledge of the entrepreneur, the attitude of the entrepreneur toward public program especially on waste and pollution management, the financial support, and the education level of government supervision. Furthermore, Government of Denpasar City need to arrange policy that giving incentive to businessman who handling waste properly and also giving reward to traditional organization who implementing local wisdom and norm to control river pollution strictly.

Assessment of the Impact of Developmental Activities on the Estuarine Environments of Mandovi and Zuari Rivers of Goa along the West Coast of India

Physico-chemical and biological data on water and sediments were collected from Mandovi and Zuari Rivers of Goa along the central west coast of India from 2007 to 2008 to understand the impact of developmental activities on the riverine environments. Factor analysis of the data segregated over high and low tides indicated a total of 6 factors each explaining 91% of variance during high tide and 84% of variance during low tide in Mandovi River. In Zuari River, a total of 6 factors explained 83% of variance during high tide and 4 factors explained 78% of variance during low tide. Factor analyses showed the dominance of nitrite and nitrate in Mandovi and of lead and mercury in Zuari. Higher inputs of anthropogenic ammonia and phenols associated with some phosphate were found in both these rivers. Water quality index （WQI） studies showed increasing overall index of pollution （OIP） values especially in the upstream of Zuari River, suggesting slightly polluted water. Increasing developmental activities along the banks of these rivers introduce domestic and anthropogenic nutrients and trace metals in their estuarine region, which flush out to the sea as per tidal currents, which otherwise can hamper the natural environments of these two rivers.

Seasonal Dynamics of Turbidity Maximum in the Muthupet Estuary, India

Results are presented of the longitudinal and vertical profiling of salinity and suspended particulate matter(SPM) at the Muthupet estuary, India, during a one year period under widely varying freshwater flow conditions. Freshwater flow was available during post-monsoon and monsoon. An up-estuary shift in the location of estuarine turbidity maxima(ETM) was observed during the transition from post-monsoon to pre-monsoon and further it shifted downstream during the transition from pre-monsoon to monsoon, thereby exhibiting a pronounced seasonal cycle. The salinity intrusion was dependent on the freshwater discharge and was expressed as a power function of freshwater flow, explaining 97% of the variance. The formation of a salt plug in Muthupet estuary and its seasonal dynamics were observed, which is not an identified feature of any of the Indian estuaries studied so far. The geographical positions of salt plug and ETM core were more or less the same during their formation. The occurrence of two ETM during the LW of post-monsoon and the absence of ETM during monsoon explains the strong seasonal variation in the formation of ETM. The primary factor affecting the formation of ETM was identified as the freshwater flow over an annual cycle; the resuspension of sediments by tidal current affecting the formation on a flood/ebb cycle was secondary. The extent of shift of ETM was found to be an inverse logarithmic function of the freshwater discharge. The separation between ETM intrusion and salinity intrusion increased two fold with the increase in ETM intrusion.

克拉斯诺亚罗夫斯克城址出土的谋克官印

《俄罗斯滨海边疆区女真文物集粹》载有一幅谋克官印照片,所附印文残缺不全。本文订正补全了印文“也邻河拥定山谋克印”,印文表明此谋克驻地为一座河畔山城。虽然现在不能初步确定也邻河拥定山谋克的驻地,但比起滨海边疆区境内的中世纪女真遗址出土的其他镌有铭文的遗物,“也邻河拥定山谋克印”的出土是大有意义的。