温州市黑臭河道河岸土对磷的吸附特征

为科学的对城市黑臭河道河岸带进行改造，选取温州市典型黑臭河道河岸土作为试验土壤，研究了河岸带土壤对磷的吸附能力，并分别采用Langmuir、Freundlich等温吸附模型进行拟合，计算出土壤样品的Xm、K值和七、6值等，分析了pH，粘粒，有机质、有效磷等对磷吸附作用的影响，探讨了河岸带土壤对地表径流磷的截留阻控能力，提出了若干改造城市河岸带的建议。结果表明，供试土壤的磷吸附状况能很好地拟合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型，运用模型推算出了供试土壤对磷的最大吸附量在226．8～390．6mg／kg；pH值与最大缓冲容量（MBC）．吸附强度因子Ⅳ呈显著性负相关（P〈0．05），因此提高pH值，并不能增加土壤对磷的贮存能力；物理粘粒含量跟最大缓冲容量（MBC）、吸附强度因子彤呈显著性正相关（P〈0．05），而最大吸附量托与土壤样品的物理性质相关性并不好，具体原因还需进一步研究。

荆江段黏性河岸土体抗拉特性及其应用

对于绕轴崩塌为主的荆江二元结构河岸稳定性计算,土体抗拉特性具有重要意义。采取现场挖空方法,开展了间接测定荆江段黏性河岸土体抗拉特性的原型崩塌试验。通过现场测量得到荆江河岸绕轴崩塌时的临界悬空宽度,计算了不同含水率及干密度下土体的抗拉强度;分别计算了荆江和Fukuoka试验河岸土体的临界悬空宽度,并与实测结果进行了对比,计算值与实测值均符合较好。考虑不同河道水位下河岸土体的含水率、抗拉强度、容重等变化过程,对下荆江荆133断面稳定性进行了计算,计算结果与崩岸发生时间的实际统计一致,表明提出的土体抗拉强度及其计算方法的可靠性,为后续河岸崩塌过程的模拟提供了科学的依据。

炭负载膨润土对河岸土铜迁移的影响模拟

采用质量分数为1%的生物炭(C)和生物炭负载膨润土(C_(B))改良嘉陵江、渠江和涪江(川渝段)8个不同河岸土样,并以土柱实验模拟铜在各改良土样中的迁移和形态变化特征(原土样作为对照)。结果表明:C和C_(B)的添加均有利于沿岸土对铜的吸附,吸附能力和穿透时间表现为C_(B)改良土样>C改良土样>原土样;各改良沿岸土样对铜吸附能力表现为上游土样强于下游。供试土柱中铜累积量为16.43 g/kg~56.54 g/kg,且表现为C_(B)改良土样>C改良土样>原土样的趋势。铜结合形态以碳酸盐结合态比例最大,铁锰氧化态次之,可交换态和有机态较少。

冲积河流河岸冲刷展宽的力学机理及模拟

描述了冲积河流河岸冲刷展宽的力学现象,分别针对非粘性土、粘性土及混合土二元结构3种不同类型的土质河岸,归纳分析了影响河岸冲刷展宽的3类主要因素的力学作用机理,即近岸水流冲刷力、河岸土体抗冲力以及河岸崩塌时的土体临界抗剪强度.另外,还简要分析了采用经验方法、极值假说方法模拟河岸冲刷时存在的诸多局限与不足,着重阐述了不同类型土质的河岸冲刷展宽的水动力学-土力学的模拟方法,并对该领域研究工作的方向及其应用作了进一步的展望.

Could Acid Sulfate Soils Be a Potential Environmental Threat to Estuarine Ecosystems on the South China Coast?

Acid sulfate soils (ASS) contain considerable amounts of reduced sulfur compounds (mainly pyrite) which produce sulfuric acid upon their oxidation. ASS-derived environmental degradation widely occurs in the coastal lowlands around the world, especially in the tropical and subtropical areas. The presence of ASS in the South China has been recognized but their distribution may be largely underestimated because the soil survey data concerning ASS are based on unreliable methods and techniques. ASS in the South China have been traditionally used for rice cultivation and this practice has been proved sustainable if appropriate improvement measures are adopted. Recently, the rapid economic growth in the region has resulted in intensified coastal development which frequently involves activities that may disturb ASS. Construction of roads, foundations and aquaculture ponds may cause the exposure of ASS to air and bring about severe environmental acidification. There is currently insufficient awareness of the problems among the researchers, policy-makers and land managers in the South China. More atteation must be paid to the possible ASSderived environmental degradation in order to ensure a sustainable development of the coastal lowlands in the South China region.

Variation of Soil and Water Volumes in Riparian Jungle Soils of Brazil

The objective of this work is to study the relation between humidity, density, porosity and shrinkage of the floodplain soil and riparian vegetation and their ability to store water. For this purpose, two locations for every type of soils were evaluated. Both were placed at the Agronomy University （Faculdade de Cidncias Agron6micas） in SAo Manuel, State of SAo Paulo, Brazil. The floodplain soil was vegetated with Southern Cattail （Typha domingensis）. In both places, soil samples were collected from several depths： 0, 30, 60 and 100 cm. Results show that lower soil density values （0.15 g/cm3） with organic texture and high porosities values （up to 86.2%） were found in samples with the highest organic material content in the floodplain soil. For this field experiment, flood plains soils （characterised as basin gley soils） presented high volumetric instability with a retratibility of 67.49% and higher water storage capacities compared to riparian stands soils （characterised as fluvic neosoils）.

Changes in vegetation and soil properties following 6 years of enclosure in riparian corridors

Aims Riparian corridors play vital roles in the maintenance of biodiversity.Nonetheless,plant species diversity and vegetation coverage in riparian corridors are seriously threatened by increasing pressure owing to livestock consumption and anthropogenic disturbance;even the stability of river courses has been threatened.The establishment of enclosures is a widely used strategy to restore degraded grassland ecosystems,but its impact on degraded herbaceous riparian vegetation and soil properties remains unclear.The aim of this study was to evaluate whether species composition,richness,diversity,and soil properties can be recovered by the enclosure.Methods Twenty long-term monitoring sample plots were set in the Liaohe main stream river,Liaohe main stream river was enclosed for grazing and farmland exclusion in 2012.The height,coverage and individual numbers of plant were recorded for species richness and diversity evaluation from 2012 to 2017;soil nutrients were measured for comparative analysis in 2012 and 2017.We examined the effects of the establishment of enclosures on plant species diversity and soil properties from 2012 to 2017 in the riparian corridors of the Liaohe River system in China.Important Findings Plant species richness and diversity significantly increased from 2012 to 2017.The dominance of Asteraceae plants increased,while the abundance of Gramineae plants decreased over time.The difference in abundance increased each year since enclosure was implemented in 2012.The concentrations of phosphorus and potassium in the soil significantly decreased as a result of the combined effects of vegetation restoration and prohibition of farming practices following the establishment of enclosures.There was also a lag time related to the response of soil organic matter to the establishment of enclosures.In conclusion,our study provides new evidence regarding the response of species diversity,species composition and soil properties following riparian vegetation restoration efforts through enclosure development.

Change Detection of Land Use and Riverbank in Mekong Delta, Vietnam Using Time Series Remotely Sensed Data

By taking the advantages of remote sensing technology, changes of land cover in Ca Mau Peninsular （the Southern part of the Mekong delta） and erosion of riverbank of the Mekong River have been defined. Change detection using time-series optical and radar satellite images （Landsat, SPOT and Radarsat） is the main approach in this study. Typical land cover in Ca Mau Peninsular is mangrove; its changes are observable by analysing imageries from 1973 to 2008. The results showed that more than half of the mangrove area was converted into shrimp farms. This made forest cover severely declined. Riverbank of the Mekong River also was detected to be eroded and accreted in a complicated form. Locations along the left and right banks of Tien and Hau river are defined as hot spots that are seriously suffered erosions. Topographic maps in 1966-1968 were taken into account as base line data, which was analyzed along with satellite images from 1989 to 2009. In addition, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System （DSAS） package was taken to analyze trend of changes in terms of changing prediction.

Spatial Distribution and Fluorescence Properties of Soil Dissolved Organic Carbon Across a Riparian Buffer Wetland in Chongming Island,China

The migration of soil dissolved organic carbon(DOC) from terrestrial to aquatic environments has important impacts on the adjacent water quality and the transport of organic and inorganic contaminants.However,few studies have investigated the sources and properties of DOC in riparian zones.A total of 34 soil samples were collected across four riparian buffer zones(Zones A-D) on Chongming Island,China.The vertical distributions of soil organic carbon(SOC) and DOC,fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEM) spectra of DOC and the optical indices,including fluorescence index(FI),index of recent autochthonous contribution(BIX),and humification index(HIX),were measured across the riparian environment to investigate the sources and fluorescence properties of DOC.The results showed that SOC stored in the surface soil(0-30 cm) accounted for 40%of the total soil profile SOC.The DOC accumulated in Zones A-C,which accounted for 5%of the SOC.The fluorescence EEM spectra of DOC showed that DOC contained humic-like and protein-like substances,which were mainly derived from recent plant debris by microbes.A large amount of humic-like substances were sorbed to minerals in the surface soil(0-30 cm).In addition,the riparian topography and soil physico-chemical properties(pH,EC and moisture) dictated the transformation and transport of DOC.The results suggested that EEMs could reveal the source of DOC in riparian soil systems,and that optical indices were complementary tools that revealed the characteristics of soil DOC and provided supplemental evidence about DOC sources.

Water use strategies of the desert riparian forest plant community in the lower reaches of Heihe River Basin, China

The object of this paper is the different plant communities in the Ejina desert riparian forest. Groundwater depth, soil moisture, plant water potential, relative leaf moisture content and water use efficiency was monitored, and the response of soil moisture and plant ecology to the groundwater depth and the water use efficiency of the different plant communities was analyzed. The results showed that：（1） Along with the groundwater depth increasing, predawn and midday water potential of the plants, with the exception of Reaumuria soongorica, did not decrease significantly, indicating that when the groundwater depth is less than 3 m, the plant communities in the range of 4 km from the river way did not suffer or slightly suffer from water stress;（2） The distribution of higher soil moisture content within 0–3 m soil layer is suitable with the plants’ root system, as indicated in the communities of coexisting overripe Populus euphratica or Taramrix chinensis, both of which can release excessive water into soil for shallow rooted shrubs or herbaceous plants when there is water shortage;（3） R. soongorica can absorb deep soil moisture through deep roots for their own survival;（4） The community consisting of Sophora alopecuroides, Karelinia caspica, T. chinensis, and overripe P. euphratica has the best species combination for restoring the damaged eco-environment in the lower reaches of Heihe River;（5） The order of plants’ relative leaf water contents is K. caspica ＆gt; S. alopecuroides ＆gt; young P. euphratica ＆gt; overripe P. euphratica ＆gt; mature P. euphratica = T. chinensis coexisting with other species ＆gt; single R. soongorica ＆gt; single T. chinensis and the order of WUE is single T. chinensis ＆gt; single R. soongorica ＆gt; T. chinensis living in symbiosis with other species ＆gt; S. alopecuroides = young P. euphratica ＆gt; mature P. euphratica ＆gt; overripe P. euphratica ＆gt; K. caspica. Therefore, with ample soil moisture, the plant community helps rapid growth of T. chinensis, young P. euphratica and R. soongorica plants of less moisture content. Despite this they do not have much water storage capability, but have strong drought resistance, and higher moisture contents of S. alopecuroides and K. caspica, thus leaving them with poor drought resistance. Overall, the desert riparian forest plant community in the lower reaches of Heihe River helps the species of higher WUE live on it.