图们江嘎呀河流域河岸带植物群落多样性研究

为探究图们江嘎呀河流域河岸带植物的群落多样性特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2021年7—8月在该流域设定93个位点进行野外采样调查及生物多样性分析,利用TWINSPAN数量分类法和PCA排序方法对河岸带植物群落及其与环境因子之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:嘎呀河流域河岸带植物共计531种,隶属于95科299属,优势科依次为菊科、毛茛科、禾本科,分别占植物物种总数的15.07%、5.46%、5.27%;植物群落共划分15个群丛,优势群丛依次为榆树-珍珠梅-水金凤群丛、东北桤木-珍珠梅-白花碎米荠群丛和三蕊柳-蒿柳-野大豆群丛等;Patrick丰富度指数为64~179,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为3.42~4.56,Simpson优势度指数为0.87~0.94,Pielou均匀度指数为0.96~1.23;对河岸带植物群落组成与分布影响较大的环境因子为有机质、盐度及速效钾。调查结果可为图们江嘎呀河流域植物生物多样性保护、开发与利用及生态系统稳定性的维持与恢复提供研究基础与理论依据。

山地河流水电开发对河岸带植物群落特征的影响

为充分了解水电开发对山地河流河岸带植物群落特征的影响,于2014年采用植被常规调查方法,在九龙江源头河流地村溪依次设置RS(源头)、PL(皮寮)、HKU和HKD(环坑水坝上游和下游)、GXU和GXD(高厦水坝上游和下游)6个样地,分析其物种多样性、相似性等的变化特征.结果表明:1水坝建成后,水坝上游和下游流速、水位及河宽存在显著差异(P<0.05).2沿河流纵向的自由流动河段,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均随与源头距离的增加而增大,分别由0.30±0.24、0.22±0.17增至0.87±0.20、0.38±0.03;Simpson优势度指数随与源头距离的增加而减小,HKU样地Simpson优势度最低,仅为0.20±0.10;受水电开发影响河段,水坝上游样地的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均高于水坝下游样地,而Simpson优势度低于水坝下游样地.3沿河流横向,河岸带不同断面植物群落多样性都符合中度干扰假说,水坝建设对河流横向物种多样性的影响不显著;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数变化总体上变化趋势一致,均表现为先升后降.4相似性分析表明,沿河流纵向,水坝上、下游样地间物种相似性相对较高,不同组样地之间高地物种相似性最高的是HKU-HKD(0.270 3),河岸带物种相似性最高的是RS-PL(0.612 2);沿河流横向,HKU(0.392 9)、HKD(0.372 5)和GXD(0.348 8)样地的高地-河岸带物种相似性相对较高,GXU(0.173 9)样地的高地-河岸带物种相似性最低,表明水电开发导致水坝下游河岸带植物主要来源于本地种子库而非区域种子库.结果显示,水电开发是造成河岸带植物群落发生变化的主导因子,导致水坝下游河岸带和高地物种组成趋向同质化,土地利用格局、河岸带及周围的人类干扰同样会影响河岸带植物群落的多样性和相似性.

Characteristics,classification and ordination of riparian plant communities in the Three-Gorges areas

Sixteen different vegetation types of grassland and shrubland were selected to study the component and diversity of plant species of riparian plant communities along main channel in the Three-Gorges areas. Species richness (s), Simpson index (D), and Shannon-Weiner index (H) were used to study the biodiversity and the hierarchical classification was carried out by the methods of TWINSPAN and DCA ordination. The results showed that the components of flora were complex and dominated by the temperate type in the riparian plant communities. Species diversity was not different between the communities, but Shannon-Weiner indexes of different layers in some grassland were significantly different. TWINSPAN and DCA indicated that riparian plant communities distributed along the gradient of moisture.

地下水埋深对胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)气孔响应水汽压亏缺敏感度的影响

通过调节LI-6400光合测定系统叶室内相对湿度,测定了高地下水埋深和无地下水条件下胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)叶片气孔导度(Gs)对水汽压亏缺(LVPD)变化的响应,并线性拟合得到Gs对LVPD响应的敏感度。结果表明:高地下水埋深条件下,胡杨Gs对LVPD的敏感度显著高于柽柳(P<0.05),无地下水条件下两物种Gs对LVPD的敏感度差异不显著(P>0.05);高地下水埋深条件下胡杨Gs对LVPD的敏感度高于无地下水条件(P<0.05),柽柳则差异不显著(P>0.05)。胡杨高地下水埋深条件下较高的气孔敏感度说明该物种在有利水分条件下水分利用偏于保守。无地下水条件下柽柳气孔敏感度基本不变,Gs下降幅度较小,而胡杨气孔敏感度与Gs均大幅度下降,两物种净光合速率(Pn)呈现相应变化,表明胡杨Pn更容易受环境水分亏缺的约束,在植物-水分关系层面柽柳表现出对水分条件多变、大气蒸腾压力高的荒漠河岸生境更优的适应能力。

Water use strategies of the desert riparian forest plant community in the lower reaches of Heihe River Basin, China

The object of this paper is the different plant communities in the Ejina desert riparian forest. Groundwater depth, soil moisture, plant water potential, relative leaf moisture content and water use efficiency was monitored, and the response of soil moisture and plant ecology to the groundwater depth and the water use efficiency of the different plant communities was analyzed. The results showed that：（1） Along with the groundwater depth increasing, predawn and midday water potential of the plants, with the exception of Reaumuria soongorica, did not decrease significantly, indicating that when the groundwater depth is less than 3 m, the plant communities in the range of 4 km from the river way did not suffer or slightly suffer from water stress;（2） The distribution of higher soil moisture content within 0–3 m soil layer is suitable with the plants’ root system, as indicated in the communities of coexisting overripe Populus euphratica or Taramrix chinensis, both of which can release excessive water into soil for shallow rooted shrubs or herbaceous plants when there is water shortage;（3） R. soongorica can absorb deep soil moisture through deep roots for their own survival;（4） The community consisting of Sophora alopecuroides, Karelinia caspica, T. chinensis, and overripe P. euphratica has the best species combination for restoring the damaged eco-environment in the lower reaches of Heihe River;（5） The order of plants’ relative leaf water contents is K. caspica ＆gt; S. alopecuroides ＆gt; young P. euphratica ＆gt; overripe P. euphratica ＆gt; mature P. euphratica = T. chinensis coexisting with other species ＆gt; single R. soongorica ＆gt; single T. chinensis and the order of WUE is single T. chinensis ＆gt; single R. soongorica ＆gt; T. chinensis living in symbiosis with other species ＆gt; S. alopecuroides = young P. euphratica ＆gt; mature P. euphratica ＆gt; overripe P. euphratica ＆gt; K. caspica. Therefore, with ample soil moisture, the plant community helps rapid growth of T. chinensis, young P. euphratica and R. soongorica plants of less moisture content. Despite this they do not have much water storage capability, but have strong drought resistance, and higher moisture contents of S. alopecuroides and K. caspica, thus leaving them with poor drought resistance. Overall, the desert riparian forest plant community in the lower reaches of Heihe River helps the species of higher WUE live on it.