基于水位流量分析的册亨县者楼河流域防洪策略研究

为了对册亨县者楼河流域洪水进行有效防治,研究利用水文比拟法及雨洪法,对者楼河流域进行现状分析,并提出科学有效的防洪策略。对研究提出的者楼河防洪策略进行有效性验证发现,防洪策略实施2个月后,者楼河流域的平均淹没深度由原来的1m下降至0.1m,且其治理后的最大淹没深度不超过0.4m。综上结果表明,研究提出的者楼河防洪策略可有效减少洪水对当地土地和建筑物的淹没程度,降低洪水对人民生命和财产的威胁,提高当地居民的安全性。

河流湖库立体化防控巡查及智能监测预警分析系统的建设原则及效益--以天祝县为例

随着信息技术的不断发展,新技术不断涌现,传统手段已无法适应新世纪水利发展的需求。以甘肃省天祝县为例,分析了河流湖库立体化防控巡查、智能监测预警分析系统建设项目的建设原则和实施后的效益。

美国“HEC-RAS河流分析系统”简介

HEC-RAS系统由美国陆军工程师兵团水力工程中心(HEC)开发研制,本软件能进行一维恒定流、非恒定流以及泥沙输移的计算。HEC-RAS现行版本只能进行恒定流的计算,新版将增加非恒定流和泥沙输移计算功能。本软件是水力工程中心"下一代"水力工程软件开发的一部分。"下一代"软件计划包括水力工程的若干方面:雨水径流分析、河流水力学、水库系统模拟、洪灾损失分析以及河流实时预报等。HEC-RAS系统是为在多用途。

河流泥沙颗粒分析方法品质衡量和标样体系

河流泥沙颗粒分析方法品质衡量需要统一的指标因子和计算方法;用于分析方法品质衡量和日常分析工作质量监督的标样需要建立相应的标准体系。为此,本文中提出了河流泥沙颗粒分析方法统一品质衡量指标和建立标样体系的设想,并对泥沙颗粒分析方法品质、分析方法品质衡量指标、标样制作和标样体系的建立等方面进行了详细的论述。文中提出的河流泥沙颗粒分析方统一品质衡量指标和建立标样体系的设想,具有科学、合理和普遍适用性及可操作性。

漳河下游河道生态修复模式研究

针对漳河下游河道因水资源短缺而长期断流致使生态环境严重恶化的现状,根据该地区气候特性,提出了适合漳河下游干涸河道的以绿代水、湿润河道的生态修复模式,并采用HEC-RAS(河流分析系统)模型进行了验证。结果表明:该修复模式合理可行,对漳河下游干涸河道能起到生态修复的效果,同时也为研究其他同类型河道的生态修复提供了参考。

Geo-information Tupu Analysis of Land Use Change in Haihe River Basin

[Objective] This study was to provide basis for the scientific management of land use in Haihe River Basin （HRB） through the quantitative exploration of the land use conversion, changes of intensity and spatial distribution in this region. [Method] With the support of remote sensing technology and geographic information technology, the land use maps of the study area in 40 years （1970-2010） were in- terpreted and plotted. Four kinds of tupu, namely, land use change tupu, process tupu, arising tupu and evolution mode tupu were built through the spatial overlay of the land use maps to analyze the change rules of land use patterns. [Result] The conversion of arable land to construction land was the main characteristics of land use changes in HRB for the 40 years; the area of non-stable region accounted for 35% of the total, indicating that the land use changed remarkably, thus, it was nec- essary to strengthen the scientific land management in HRB; the new conversions to all land use patterns were all the lowest in 1980-1990, indicating that land use changed slowly during this period. [Conclusion] The results indicate that, compared with conventional transfer matrix method, geo-information tupu has obvious advantage in analyzing land use changes that it can demonstrate the spatial distribution of interest region, display the multi-dimensional spatial information.

Using factor analysis on the comprehensive evaluation of oil pollution in the Haihe river basin

Selecting six indexs of pH, DO, COD, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen and petroleum hydrocarbons in Haihe River Basin of four seasons in 2012 - 2013 for factor analysis, appling Water Quality Pollution Index （API） to evaluate DO, COD, BOD5 and ammonia nitrogen, aims for systematic evluation to water quality of Haihe River Basin The results showed that two stations of B J1 and HB2 were the 1V type of water, others were the V type; Water Quality Pollution Index （API） was 1.44, which illustrated Haihe River Basin in the state of contamination that the degree of pollution exceeded the standard of functional areas. Factor Analysis explained that between COD, DO and NH3-N were significant difference （P〈0.05）; principal component analysis showed that, in addition to pH and BOD5, the other indicators were above 0.70; the contribution rate of COD, DO, NH3-N and TPH were higher, petroleum hydrocarbons was 100%, it can be considered that the waters type of pollution was organic pollution, and petroleum hydrocarbon contamination was more prominent.

美国研发水电勘查模拟工具

利用GIS工具和天然河流分析模拟技术可对河流模拟信息进行分析,而以前是利用地形图、河道流量评估及勘查成果对此进行处理的。爱达荷州国家实验室与美国地质调查局合作,对美国所有的天然河流水电蕴藏总量进行了模拟评估,确定可行的工程场址,并对可开发的水电蕴藏量进行了评估。模拟勘查的成果已编入了GIS应用程序,称之为水电勘查模拟工具(VHP)。

运河船闸投融资模式及建议

中国幅员辽阔,山河相间。凭借着独特的地理优势,运河经济也已经成为了社会经济的重要组成部分。本篇论文在分析中国发展运河经济的环境基础上,系统的论述了目前运河船闸投融资的模式,并对在运河发展模式中出现的主要问题进行分析。结合运河船闸投融资模式的实际运营情况,科学理论与实践相结合提出具有可操作性的建议。从客观意义上而言,具有针对性的现实指导意义。

Multiple Time-scale Characteristics of Runoff Variations in Middle Reaches of Huolin River and Their Effects

The Huolin River is one of the most important water sources for Xianghai wetland, Horqin wetland, and Chaganhu wetland in the western Songnen Plain of Northeast China. The annual runoff series of 46 years at Baiyunhushuo Hydrologic Station, which is located in the middle reaches of the Huolin River, were analyzed by using wavelet analysis. Main objective was to discuss the periodic characteristics of the runoff, and examine the temporal patterns of the Huolin River recharging to the floodplain wetlands in the lower reaches of the river, and the corresponding effects of recharging variation on the environmental evolution of the wetlands. The results show that the annual runoff varied mainly at three time scales. The intensities of periodical signals at different time scales were strongly characterized by local distribution in its time frequency domain. The interdecadal variation at a scale of more than 30yr played a leading role in the temporal pattern ofrnnoffvariation, and at this scale, the runoffat Baiyunhushuo Hydrologic Station varied in turn of flood, draught and flood. Accordingly, the landscape of the floodplain wetlands presented periodic features, especially prominent before the 1990s. Compared with intense human activities, the runoff periodic pattern at middle （10-20yr） and small （1-10yr） scales, which has relatively low energy, exerted unobvious effects on the environmental evolution of the floodplain wetlands, especially after the 1990s.

GIS-based Analysis for Hotspot Identification of Tradeoff Between Ecosystem Services： A Case Study in Yanhe Basin, China

Although the quantification and valuation of ecosystem services have been studied for a long time, few studies have specifi- cally focused on the quantification of tradeoffs between ecosystem services and tradeoff hotspots, Based on previous studies of ecosys- tem service assessment, we proposed a feasible method to analyze the tradeoffs between ecosystem services, including determination of their relationship, quantification of tradeoffs, and identification of tradeoff hotspots. Potential influencing factors were then further ana- lyzed. The Yanhe Basin in the Loess Plateau was selected as an example to demonstrate the application process. Firstly, the amounts of net primary production （NPP） and water yield （WY） in 2000 and 2008 were estimated by using biophysical models, Secondly, correla- tion analysis was used to indicate the tradeoffs between NPP and WY. Thirdly, tradeoff index （TINpp/wy） was established to quantify the extent of tradeoffs between NPP and WY, and the average value of TINpp/wy is 24.4 g/（mm·m2） for the Yanhe Basin between 2000 and 2008. Finally, the tradeoff hotspots were identified. The results indicated that the area of lowest tradeoff index concentrated in the mid- dle part of the Yanhe Basin and marginal areas of the southern basin. Map overlapping was used for preliminary analysis to seek poten- tial influencing factors, and the results showed that shrub was the best suited for growing in the Yanhe Basin, but also was a potential irtfluencing factor for formulatiort of the tradeoff hotspots. The concept of tradeoff index could also be used to quantify the degree of synergy between different ecosystem services. The method to identify the tradeoff hotspots could help us to narrow the scope of study area for further research on the relationship among ecosystem services and concentrate on the potential factors for formation of tradeoff between ecosystem services, enhance the capacity to maintain the sustainability of ecosystem.

长安八水有机污染物动态分布及对渭河干流水环境的影响

将长安八水(渭、泾、沣、涝、潏、滈、浐、灞八条河流)的水环境质量变化做为主要研究目的,揭示八条河流全流域水污染物特别是可溶性化学有机污染物(DOM)的动态分布特征。基于Matlab软件-三维荧光光谱技术(EEM),并结合平行因子算法(PARAFAC)对水中有机物进行定性和定量表征。通过荧光数据模型中核心一致性诊断、残差平方和以及拆半检验物理意义的分析,合理估计荧光物质成分数,实现了PARAFAC方法对其成分的分解,并揭示支流河流对干流河流的有机物的影响,推动EEMs-PARAFAC法在更广泛的环境监测中的应用。

Multiple Time Scale Analysis of River Runoff Using Wavelet Transform for Dagujia River Basin, Yantai, China

Based on monthly river runoff and meteorological data, a method of Morlet wavelet transform was used to analyze the multiple time scale characteristics of river runoff in the Dagujia River Basin, Yantai City, Shandong Province. The results showed that the total annual river runoffin the Dagujia River Basin decreased significantly from 1966 to 2004, and the rate of decrease was 48× 10^6ma/10yr, which was higher than the mean value of most rivers in China. Multiple time scale characteristics existed, which accounted for different aspects of the changes in annual river runoff, and the major periods of the runofftime series were identified as about 28 years, 14 years and 4 years with decreasing levels of fluctuation. The river runoff evolution process was controlled by changes in precipitation to a certain extent, but it was also greatly influenced by human activities. Also, for different time periods and scales, the impacts of climate changes and human activities on annual river runoff evolution occurred at the same time. Changes in the annual river runoffwere mainly associated with climate change before the 1980s and with human activities after 1981.

Analysis of Longitudinal Profiles along the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Resulting from the collision of the Eurasian and Indian plates, the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is commonly known as the ＇roof of the world＇. Collectively the Yarlung Tsangpo, Nu, Laneang, Yangtze, Yalong, and Yellow River basins drain the eastern margin of the plateau. In this paper, we utilize Shuttle Radar Topography Mission elevation data to examine morphometric and relief attributes of these basins to reveal insights rates of incision. A robust into tectonic activity and technique using Maflab is proposed to alleviate errors associated with SRTM data in the derivation of river longitudinal profiles. Convex longitudinal profiles are interpreted to be a product of uplift rates that exceed rates of channel incision along the entire margin of the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau. Highest relief towards the south reflects extensive fluvial incision. High relief is also prominent along major active faults. Erosion patterns are related to distance from knickpoints. Highest rates of erosion and incision are evident towards the south, with decreasing values towards the north, suggesting a link between tectonic activity and erosion.

Numerical Analysis of Adaptation-to-capacity Length for Fluvial Sediment Transport

Over the last several decades,various sediment transport capacity formulations have been used by geomorphologists and engineers to calculate fluvial morphological changes.However,it remains poorly understood if the adaptation to capacity could be fulfilled instantly in response to differing inflow discharges and sediment supplies,and thus if the calculation of morphological changes in rivers based on the assumed capacity status is fully justified.Here we present a numerical investigation on this issue.The distance required for sediment transport to adapt to capacity(i.e.,adaptation-to-capacity length) of both bed load and suspended sediment transport is computationally studied using a coupled shallow water hydrodynamic model,in line with varied inlet sediment concentrations.It is found that the adaptation-to-capacity length generally decreases as the Rouse number increases,irrespective of whether the inlet sediment concentration increases or reduces.For cases with vanishing inlet sediment concentration a unified relationship is found between the adaptation-to-capacity length and the Rouse number.Quantitatively,the adaptation-to-capacity length of bed load sediment is limited to tens of times of the flow depth,whilst that of suspended sediment increases substantially with decreasing Rouse number and can be up to hundreds of times of the flow depth.The present finding concurs that bed load sediment transport can adapt to capacity much more rapidly than suspended sediment transport,and it facilitates a quantitative criterion on which the applicability of bed load or suspended sediment transport capacity for natural rivers can be readily assessed.

Transport and transformation of nitrobenzene in Songhua River and calculation of flux and remnant based on quantification analysis

To evaluate the long-term environmental effect of the nitrobenzene precipitated into Songhua River caused by the explosion accident of CNPC Jilin Petrochemical Company, we have proved that three selected cross sections were all in a completely mixed state which was not affected by the neighborhood flow firstly. The research of the main flux of contaminants indicates that the nitrobenzene flux in all cross sections is less and less, and the attenuation trend is gradually slowing down. From the residual remnant of nitrobenzene in different segments calculated according to the related experimental data, we suppose that parts of nitrobenzene remnant are transferred by the bottom sludge adsorption and resolution. A general analysis model was set up from the one-dimensional counter-flow equation, and functions of atmosphere-water exchange process, deposit-water interaction, and river turbulent mixing and dissemination. The results of this quantification analysis are different from the real calculation, while the gross transformation trend is the same, which indicates that both analyses are based on reality and can reflect the transport and transformation of nitrobenzene actually.

Sustainability Assessment and Ranking of Run of the River(RoR) Hydropower Projects Using Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP):A Study from Western Himalayan Region of India

In the present scenario,tapping the unutilised hydropower potential is one of the highest priorities in developing countries of the world.Special emphasis is being imparted to run of the river(RoR)mode of power generation.However,the governments are now facing the dilemma whether to promote small hydropower projects(SHPs) or encourage large hydropower projects(LHPs).RoR large hydropower projects result into large scale cutting of mountains for constructing tunnels and access roads,generation of huge quantity of muck and large scale impact on flora and fauna due to diversion of rivers/streams.On the other hand,though SHPs are claimed to be greener and more sustainable by a section of researchers and energy planners but,they will be required to be set up in large number to generate equivalent amount of electricity.The aim of this study is to rank the most sustainable installed capacity range of RoR hydropower projects.To achieve this aim,the study proposes the use of quite popular multi-criteria decision making(MCDM)method of Operation Research named Analytical Hierarchy Process.A case study has been presented from Himachal Pradesh,a hydro rich state located in the western Himalayan region.As per sustainability assessment carried out in this study,hydropower projects in the capacity range 1 to 5 MW have been ranked to be the most sustainable.

Numerical Analysis of Emergency River Restoration Scheme for Qingping Mega Debris Flow

The mega debris flow occurred on August 13 th 2010 in Qingping town,China(hereafter called '8.13' Debris Flow) have done great damage to the local habitants as well as to the re-construction projects in the quake-hit areas,and the channel-fill deposit problem caused by the debris flow was the most destructive.Moreover,it is of high possibility that an even severe deposit problem would reappear and result in worse consequences.In order to maximize risk reduction of this problem,relevant departments of the government established a series of emergency river restoration schemes,for which the numerical analysis is an important procedure to evaluate and determine the optimized one.This study presents a numerical analysis by applying a twodimensional debris flow model combined with a relevant water-sediment model to simulate the deposit during the progress of the debris flow,and to calculate and analyze the river flow field under both the present condition and different restoration conditions.The results show that the debris flow model,which takes the confluence of the Wenjia Gully to the main river into account,could simulate the deposit process quite well.In the reproduced debris flow from the simulation of the '8.13' Debris Flow,the original river flow path has switched to a relatively lower place just along the right bank with a high speed of near 7m.s-1 after being blocked by the deposit,which is highly hazardous.To prevent this hazard,a recommended scheme is derived through inter-comparison of different restoration conditions.It shows that the recommended scheme is able to reduce the water level and as well to regulate the flow path.Based on the given conditions of the mainstream and the tributary confluence for the simulated '8.13' Debris Flow,when encountering a debris flow with deposit volume less than 0.5 million m3,the river channel can endure a 20-year return flood;however,when the deposit volume increases to 2 million m3,the flood capacity of the river will be greatly impacted and the scheme becomes invalid.The recommended scheme supported by the present study has been applied to the emergency river restoration after this mega-debris flow.

Heavy Metals Concentration and Speciation in Arid Zone Rivers （Amudarya and Syrdarya） of Central Asia

The arid zone rivers Amudarya and Syrdarya are located in Central Asia and are subjected to the influx of different kinds of natural and anthropogenic pollutants. The concentrations and speciation of heavy metals, namely, Hg, Cr, Cd, Co, U, Zn, Sc, Fe, Br, Au, and Sm. in the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers water in the territory of Uzbekistan were investigated by applying the neutron-activation analysis and through experimental modeling using appropriate radionuclides. The heavy metals speciation in the rivers water was separated in cationic, anionic, and a combination of colloidal and neutral forms. The experimental results showed that heavy metals in the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers water migrate as a complex set of suspended solids, cationic, anionic, and a combination of colloidal neutral forms. The ratio of neutral and colloidal forms averages approximately 40% for the majority of the investigated heavy metals, and the share of neutral and colloidal forms of heavy metals in the Syrdarya river water is slightly less than in the Amudarya river water （10-20%）, which might be due to discharge of water from agricultural and industry sectors into the river.

Projection and Historical Analysis of Hydrological Circulation in Sittaung River Basin, Myanmar

Based on the comparison between several model outputs from CMIP5 （Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase-5） and the satellite rainfall mapping data of GSMaP （global satellite mapping of precipitation）, This paper selected MIROC4h as a future projection of rainfall in the Sittaung River basin, Myanmar, with the fine spatial resolution of 0.5°. At first, MIROC4h projection towards 2035 was corrected by using the error trend （GSMaP-MIROC4h） for nine years over-rapping of both outputs from 2006 to 2014. Assuming the seasonal autoregressive processes, future error trend at each grid point was estimated by the time series forecast of SARMAP processes using the nine years training data. Then future projection correction was done by M1ROC4h output plus error trend at each grid point to obtain the corrected MIROC4h precipitation. As a historical analysis, using the corrected precipitation in the Sittaung River basin and observed river discharge at the outlet of the river, the hydrological model （HSPF （Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran）） calibration was carried out with consideration of the water utilization data for darn/reservoir and irrigation. As a projection analysis, future simulation of hourly discharge at the outlet of Sittaung River from 2015 to 2035 was conducted by using the corrected MIROC4h precipitation. The results of projection analysis show that high risks of flood will appear in 2023 and 2028 and the risks of draught will be expected in 2019-2021.