秦皇岛主要入海河流污染物来源及污染防治对策

全面分析秦皇岛6条典型入海河流污染物特征,选取氨氮、重铬酸盐指数CODCr和总磷作为主要超标因子开展污染物入海通量计算,结果表明:入海污染物通量贡献率从大到小为洋河、石河、饮马河、戴河、汤河、新开河,其中,洋河、石河、饮马河3条河流占87.0%;洋河、饮马河两条河流的CODCr、总磷均较高,有机污染较为严重,主要受养殖业污染、生活污染、农业面源污染等多方面影响。基于此,从治理投资、总量控制、源头控制、产业结构优化和法律法规等方面提出了秦皇岛主要入海河流污染防治对策。

河流污染物迁移悬浮颗粒物对水质生态环境影响模拟

本文以中国黄河为研究对象,探讨了河流污染物迁移过程中悬浮颗粒物对水质和生态环境的影响。通过构建数学模型,模拟了不同情景下悬浮颗粒物的迁移规律和对水质的影响。结果表明,悬浮颗粒物的浓度、粒径分布和吸附性质是影响水质和生态环境的关键因素。污染物在悬浮颗粒物上的吸附和解吸过程,显著影响了其在水体中的迁移和转化行为。此外,水文条件和河流形态也对悬浮颗粒物的迁移和污染物的归趋产生重要影响。本研究为深入理解河流污染物迁移规律和评估其生态环境影响提供了理论基础和方法支持。

不同潜流人工湿地对河流污染物的去除功效研究

针对缺水地区污染性城市河流的治理,采用河流附近材质,组建4组不同的人工湿地系统:芦苇碎石水平潜流湿地(H-1)、碎石水平潜流湿地(H-2)、芦苇碎石垂直潜流湿地(V-1)、芦苇炉渣垂直潜流湿地(V-2),对河流污染物进行处理研究。结果表明,通过H-1与H-2系统来考察植物对污染物去除贡献的比较,植物有一定的强化作用;基质填料不同V-2与V-1系统的比较,炉渣比碎石更为适宜作为人工湿地基质填料;湿地类型不同的V-1与H-1的比较,垂直潜流湿地更适宜作为处理污染性城市河流的湿地类型。综合分析得选用种植植物,以炉渣为基质的垂直潜流湿地作为处理污染性河流污水的最优人工湿地工艺技术。

河流污染物通量估算方法分析(Ⅱ)——时空平均离散通量误差判断

提出了一个简单的通量误差判断公式 ,对于采用以时空平均的一维对流量方式估算河流通量 ,提出了限制的条件 ,即排除不可靠的通量估值的方法 。

基于MATLAB下BP网络在河流污染物浓度预报中的应用

文中简介了MATLAB语言和BP神经网络,并运用于河流污染物浓度的预报中,取得了良好的效果,说明运用BP神经网络进行河流污染物浓度预报是可行的.人工神经网络用于解决河流污染物传播扩散的复杂非线性问题,具有其独特优势.运用MATLAB神经网络工具箱,免去了繁琐的编程工作,值得进一步的研究和实践.

河流污染物通量估算方法分析(Ⅰ)——时段通量估算方法比较分析

通过对河流时段通量所采用的估算方法的误差比较分析 ,说明了实测河流断面时段通量中时间平均离散通量的贡献 ;并讨论了污染源的点源、非点源类型的差别对选择年通量估算方法的影响。通过实例探讨了河流长时间通量估算方法的使用范围 。

基于文献计量学的河流污染物通量领域热点研究方向分析

目的对河流污染物通量领域的研究热点进行研究。方法本文通过以WOS数据库为基础,运用文献计量学的基本方法,对1995~2013年间收录的与河流污染物通量主题相关的文献进行了计量分析。结果河流污染物通量领域是最近发展起来的热门研究领域,研究重心主要在沉淀、营养、重金属等方面。结论美国在该领域研究水平处于世界领先,其次是中国。中国在该领域的研究具有热门但影响不大的特点。另外,近期的河流污染物通量研究显示出缓慢增加的态势,需要新的突破来促进其发展。

城市河流污染物的去除率研究

从水质管理方案的生物降解和人类健康两个方面对城市河流的有效恢复问题进行了讨论。分别对2003～2008年和2008年的生化需氧量BOD5和粪便污染指示菌(FIB)进行了逐月监测,并对监测结果进行了评价,以探讨污染物浓度的时空变化。根据取水口和排放口水质浓度的季节性特征和彼此浓度之间的相关性,提出增加环境流量和湿地,以减少BOD5和FIB的浓度。该方案通过QUAL2E模型和假设(已纳入计划)的人工湿地分别进行了检验。结果显示,控制取水口水质可确保韩国光州川(Gwangju River)BOD5浓度下降,在排放口建造湿地可提高FIB的去除率。研究表明,两种方法结合不仅可以支撑可持续的城市水资源管理,而且可以提高城市河流恢复的质量。

福建省2010年～2014年主要入海河流污染物入海量浅析

该文对2010年～2014年全省入海河流污染源监测数据进行统计分析，了解和掌握福建省入海河流污染源入海情况及污染源现状，为加强近岸海域环境管理、制定近岸海域环境管理政策、实施入海污染物总量控制提供科学依据。

强化生态浮床对珠江水中氮污染物去除研究

采用海藻酸钠—氯化钙包埋法制备固定化反硝化菌小球,将固定化反硝化小球加入生态浮床进行强化,提高其对珠江水中氮污染物的去除效果。实验结果表明,在5天内,固定化强化浮床系统对TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N的去除率分别为50.9%、100%、86.8%和92.9%,比单独浮床系统分别提高了17.2%、2.6%、62.8%和89.3%。而空白系统对TN、NH4+-N的去除率分别为23.8%和80.7%,对NO3--N和NO2--N则分别增加了41.4%和172.4%。固定化反硝化菌的加入充分地利用了植物的协同脱氮作用,加强了浮床系统的反硝化作用,大幅度削减了系统中的NO3--N,提高了生态浮床系统的脱氮效果。

河流主要污染物的灰色预测模型

本文运用灰色系统理论的预测原理和方法,探讨了灰色理论在河流主要污染物高锰酸盐指数、BOD_5、SS污染量预测中的应用。所建立的普通GM(1,1)模型和新息GM(1,1)模型均经3种方法进行精度检验,结果令人满意。利用所建立模型可对未来时间的河流主要污染物进行预测。

河流水污染物环境生物-地球化学过程定量分析的技术方法

本文运用水体中各类物质平衡原理,通过适当的测量和模拟,分别讨论了水生植物作用显著和不显著两种状态下,河流水污染物环境生物-地球化学过程定量分析的技术方法。分别给出定量分析总磷、有机物(CODcr计)和氮素的沉积物释放、沉降再悬浮、水体生化降解、水生植物吸收吸附及氮素的氨化硝化反硝化等环境生物-地球化学过程物质变化的绝对量和平均速率的技术方法。

平原城市河流面源污染研究范围及方法的选择与效果比较

由于平原城市地貌起伏不大,较难划分城市河流的流域范围,使得与河道面源污染相关的研究范围的边界确定存在一定的困难。针对这一问题,本文对比了基于缓冲区和排水区的两种研究范围及方法。根据遥感影像,利用GIS提取研究区内土地利用信息并与河流水质进行回归分析,对比两种范围及方法所得出的结果,试图为城市河道污染物的研究及管理提供方法支持和理论依据。本文选取了天津滨海地区11条河流进行研究,结果表明:(1)选取城市排水区作为土地利用数据的方法能够与河流中污染物的发生,迁移的真实情况相符合,能够综合考虑不同的景观格局分布对于水质的影响,结合平原城市的特殊性反映土地利用与河流污染物之间的相关关系,在机理严谨性上优于使用缓冲区范围,在整体性上更为完整;(2)基于缓冲区的研究方法能够在一定程度上解释在地表径流作用下,河流近岸不同距离的土地利用类型对河流污染物的影响,如耕地对污染物的影响,河流近岸100 m缓冲区的联合显著性为0.848,300 m缓冲区的仅为0.165;(3)土地利用类型对河流中污染物类型的贡献和消减趋势基本一致,城市居民点与工矿用地是河流当中重金属污染物如铅、汞的主要输入源;耕地对重金属等污染物有一定的截留消减作用,但在面积较大时增加了河流的有机污染物如氨氮;林地、园地、草地和水体对于城市河流污染物有一定的净化作用。两种方法结合起来可以得出更为详尽、客观的研究结果。

平原城市土地利用与河流污染关系分析——以天津市滨海地区为例

以城市排水区替代平原城市河道的流域范围,选取天津滨海地区11条河流进行河流污染与土地利用的相关分析。根据遥感影像,利用GIS提取城市排水区土地利用数据,计算景观指数并与河流水质状况进行相关分析,为平原城市河流污染研究提供可行的方法支持和理论依据。结果表明,城市居民点与工矿用地是河流中重金属污染物(如铅、汞)的主要输入源;在耕地面积较大时增加了河流的有机污染物(如氨氮,生化需氧量等);林地、园地、草地和水体对于城市河流污染物有一定的净化作用。

Theory and Practice of Water Pollution Prevention and Control for Inflowing Rivers in Taihu Valley

The pollutants from the 15 rivers inflowing into Lake Taihu accounted for about 80% of the total amount of the pollutants inflowing into Lake Taihu. Therefore, overall treatment of the inflowing rivers of Taihu Lake is of great importance to the improvement of water environment in the valley and the eutrophication status in th lake. Firstly, the basic ideas, key taches and main methods for water pollution control of inflow rivers of Taihu Lake was put forward in this article, Basic on these theories, the pollutant source status in the comprehensive treatment zone of the 15 major inflow rivers was analysized, the countermeasures of pollution control and main regulation projects were introduced, and the total abatement of pollutants was predicted. With the implement of regulation projects, the number of rivers with water quality worse than Grade V among the 15 major inflow rivers had come from 9 to 3, and the eutrophication status of Taihu Lake had changed from medium level to light level. The overall treatment of the major inflow rivers of the Taihu Lake had achieved initial success.

Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination of Sediments in the Lubumbashi River Basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba Rivers in Lubumbashi City, Democratic Republic of Congo

Arsenic （As）, Barium （Ba）, Cadmium （Cd）, Cobalt （Co）, Chromium （Cr）, Copper （Cu）, Iron （Fe）, Manganese （Mn）, Lead （Pb） and Zinc （Zn） concentrations were investigated in sediments collected from sixteen sampling sites in the Lubumbashi river basin and five sites in Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba rivers during February, March and April 2016. Analyses of the samples were carried out using a portable X-RFS （X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer）. Water pH and OM （Organic Matter） content of the sediments were also determined. Trace metal toxicity risk to aquatic organisms was assessed using SQGs （Sediment Quality Guidelines）---TELs （Threshold Effect Levels） and PELs （Probable Effect Levels）---for freshwater sediments. Mean values ofpH and OM ranged from 4.2 to 7.8 and from 1.27% to 6.22%, respectively. The highest mean levels of trace metals in sediments were 5,438 mg·kg-1·dw and 902.5 mg·kg-1·dw for Cu and Co, respectively in Lubumbashi river 1.45 kilometer downward the Lubumbashi Slag heap, 1,534.5 mg·kg-1·dw and 342 mg·kg-1·dwdw for Zn and Pb, respectively at the confluence of Lubumbashi and Kafubu rivers, 108,900 mg·kg-1·dw, 547 mg·kg-1·dw and 174.5 mg·kg-1·dw for Fe, Ba and Cr, respectively in Kinkalabwamba river, 531 mg·kg-1·dw and 22 mg-kgl＇dw for Mn and Cd, respectively in Kimilolo river, and 37 mg·kg-1·dw for As at the confluence of Tshondo and Lubumbashi rivers. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the sediments exceeded the corresponding SQGs＇ PELvalues and could have adverse effects on aquatic organisms of those rivers. Trace metal contamination of the studied sediments might he partially attributed to natural processes, unplanned urbanization and poor waste management and mostly to abandoned and ongoing mining and ore processing activities in Lubumbashi city.

Relationships Between River Water Quality and Landscape Factors in Haihe River Basin, China: Implications for Environmental Management

River water plays a key role in human health, and in social and economic development, and is often affected by both natural factors and human activities. An in-depth understanding of the role of these factors can help in developing an effective catchment management strategy to protect precious water resources. This study analyzed river water quality, patterns of terrestrial and riparian ecosystems, intensity of agricultural activities, industrial structure, and spatial distribution of pollutant emissions in the Haihe River Basin in China for the year of 2010, identifying the variables that have the greatest impact on river water quality. The area percentage of farmland in study area, the percentage of natural vegetation cover in the 1000-m riparian zone, rural population density, industrial Gross Domestic Product(GDP)/km^2, and industrial amino nitrogen emissions were all significantly correlated with river water quality(P < 0.05). Farming had the largest impact on river water quality, explaining 43.0% of the water quality variance, followed by the coverage of natural vegetation in the 1000-m riparian zone, which explained 36.2% of the water quality variance. Industrial amino nitrogen emissions intensity and rural population density explained 31.6% and 31.4% of the water quality variance, respectively, while industrial GDP/km^2 explained 26.6%. Together, these five indicators explained 67.3% of the total variance in water quality. Consequently, water environmental management of the Haihe River Basin should focus on adjusting agricultural activities, conserving riparian vegetation, and reducing industrial pollutant emissions by optimizing industrial structure. The results demonstrate how human activities drive the spatial pattern changes of river water quality, and they can provide reference for developing land use guidelines and for prioritizing management practices to maintain stream water quality in a large river basin.

Study on Pollution Level, Distribution and Sources of Polychlorinated Naphthalene in River Sediments

Polychlorinated naphthalene （PCNs） is similar structure and toxicity of dioxin （PCDD/Fs）, it can be detected in the global environmental and biological samples. This paper introduces the main source of PCNs in the environment and environmental fate, sludge PCNs pollution level in 1.48-28.21 ng/g （dry weight）, PCN-TEQs content is in 0.11-2.45 pg/g （dry weight）, far below the content of other areas in foreign countries. The results showed that the sources of wastewater, sewage treatment plant is an important factor affecting the level of polychlorinated naphthalene pollution. Discussion on the distribution characteristics of sludge in polychlorinated naphthalene congeners, found that the distribution of PCNs congeners in all of the samples is largely the same, it is mainly two chloride and three chloro naphthalene, it showed that the pollution source has a certain resemblance. Research shows that, polychlorinated naphthalenes city sludge mainly comes from industrial pollution sources; in addition, an important source of waste incineration, burning heat treatment process is caused by polychlorinated naphthalene pollution.

Response of Stream Pollution Characteristics to Catchment Land Cover in Cao-E River Basin, China

This study addressed the relationship of river water pollution characteristics to land covers and human activities in the catchments in a complete river system named Cao-E River in eastern China.Based on the hydrogeochemical data collected monthly over a period of 3 years,cluster analysis(CA) and principal component analysis(PCA) were adopted to categorize the river reaches and reveal their pollution characteristics.According to the differences of water quality in the river reaches and land use patterns and average population densities in their catchments,the whole river system could be categorized into three groups of river reaches,i.e.,non-point sources pollution reaches(NPSPR),urban reaches(UR) and mixed sources pollution reaches(MSPR).In UR and MSPR,the water quality was mainly impacted by nutrient and organic pollution,while in NPSPR nutrient pollution was the main cause.The nitrate was the main nitrogen form in NPSPR and particulate phosphorus was the main phosphorus form in MSPR.There were no apparent trends for the variations of pollutant concentrations with increasing river flows in NPSPR and MSPR,while in UR the pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing river flows.Thus dry season was the critical period for water pollution control in UR.Therefore,catchment land covers and human activities had significant impact on river reach water pollution type,nutrient forms and water quality responses to hydrological conditions,which might be crucial for developing strategies to combat water pollution in watershed scale.