西水坡遗址与河济地区早期文明

西水坡遗址居于河济地区的中心地带,对研究河济地区的文明起源具有重要的地位。西水坡属于后冈文化范畴,又受东方文化影响,是华夏文明早期融合的产物。从历史时空的角度看,其在河济地区的融合,是伴随着地理环境和气候的变化而开展的。

东周时期河济地区农业生产模式初探——河南濮阳金桥遗址出土植物遗存分析

河济地区指古河济之间及其附近地区,主要指今豫鲁交界一带。东周时期,尤其是战国时期,随着荷水、鸿沟等一系列人工运河的开凿、疏通,该区域成为南北东西的交通枢纽。位于河济地区的濮阳金桥遗址出土东周时期炭化植物遗存共计592粒,其中包括粟(Setaria italica)、黍(Panicum miliaceum)、大豆(Glycine max)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)、红小豆(Vigna angularis)五种炭化农作物。其他可鉴定的非农作物炭化种子还包括狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、藜(Chenopodium album)、红鳞扁莎(Pycreus sanguinolentus)、异型莎草(Cyperus difformis)、眼子菜(Potamogeton distinctus)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)等。在河济地区东周时期的几处遗址中,粟依旧是最为重要的农作物遗存;但小麦在这一时期的重要程度有了很大的提升,并且在一些遗址中可以与粟比肩,形成了粟麦并重的局面;大豆在作物结构中起到补充性作用;而稻米的重要性相当有限。值得注意的是,红小豆(小豆)与小麦的广泛利用可能反映了以粟和冬小麦为核心的两年三熟制度在东周时期河济地区的出现。这种农业生产模式的变化一方面得益于东周时期生产力的提高,人口的增加;另一方面东周时期(尤其是战国时期)河济地区因人工河渠的开凿,促进了经济发展和交通的便捷,使得不同区域之间物资和信息的交流大大增强,为当地生业模式的改变提供了契机。

河济地区史前文化的发展及相关问题

河济地区在仰韶文化中期时文化面貌并不发达,到仰韶文化晚期和龙山时代早期时,随着气候向冷干转变,而迎来了发展的机遇,文化开始繁荣。濮阳高城的城墙最早为这一时期兴建。到龙山时代后期,随着一场长时期的大洪水的到来,河济地区的文化又走向衰落。

Identification and Evolution of Groundwater Chemistry in the Ejin Sub-Basin of the Heihe River, Northwest China

Hydro-chemical characteristics of groundwater and their changes as affected by human activities were studied in the Ejin Sub-Basin of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, to understand the groundwater evolution, to identify the predominant geochemical processes taking place along the horizontal groundwater flow path, and to characterize anthropogenic factors affecting the groundwater environment based on previous data. The concentrations of major ions and total dissolved solids （TDS） in the groundwater showed a great variation, with 62.5% of the samples being brackish （TDS ≥ 1 000 mg L^-l）. The groundwater system showed a gradual hydro-chemical zonation composed of Na^＋ -HCO3^-, Na^＋ -Mg^2＋ -SO4 ^2 -Cl^-, and Na^＋ -Cl^-. The relationships among the dissolved species allowed identification of the origin of solutes and the processes that generated the observed water compositions. The dissolution of halite, dolomite, and 2- gypsum explained, in part, the presence of Na^＋, K^＋, Cl^-, SO^4 , and Ca^2＋, but other processes, such as mixing, Na^＋ exchange for Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋, and calcite precipitation also contributed to the composition of water. Human activity, in particular large-scale water resources development associated with dramatic population growth in the last 50 years, has led to tremendous changes in the groundwater regime, which reflected in surface water runoff change, decline of groundwater table and degeneration of surface water and groundwater quality. Solving these largely anthropogenic problems requires concerted, massive and long-term efforts.

A SIMULTANEOUS APPROACH TO WATER - RESOURCE PROTECTION AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT—A Case Study of Guanzhong Region in the Huanghe River Basin, China

A regional multiple objective water resource and economic optimization model was developed using a quantitative method of systematic analysis. Input to the model includes indexes of economic structure and development, water resource utilization, wastewater and pollutant discharge, and investment in wastewater treatment. The model, which consists of production structure and industrial structure optimization modules, was applied to the Guanzhong region in the middle reaches of the Huanghe (Yellow) River basin in China. By evaluating several alternative production and industrialization schemes, the modal indicate that water pollution will get worsen though wastewater treatment improves if the economy continues to develop at the planned speed without structural adjustment. However, the results also show that not only economic goals but also water resource protection and pollution control targets can be achieved under an alternative, recommended production and industrial structure. This example illustrates that economic development and environmental protection can be improved coordinately by the regional multiple objective water resource and economic optimization model. It provides an operable approach to the simultaneous sustained development of water resources and economic growth.

THOUGHTS ON CONSTRUCTING THE DEMONSTRATING AREAS OF THE ECOLOGICAL REBUILDING AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN HEXI REGION

Based on the field investigations, this paper analyzes systematically the achievements and problems of constructing the demonstrating areas of the ecological rebuilding and economic sustainable development in Hexi, Gansu Province, and then the thoughts on constructing the demonstrating areas are brought forward. It is considered that all kinds of ecological demonstrating areas should be merged in order to construct large scale characterized demonstrating areas which go beyond the district. In other words, in Hexi Region, Zhangye District should be constructed as the largest ecoagriculture demonstrating area of high technology; Wuwei District should be constructed as the largest ecological demonstrating area of agricultural comprehensive exploitation; JiuJia District, which is the shortened form of Jiuquan and Jiayuguan, should be constructed as the largest ecotourism demonstrating area; and Jinchang City should be constructed as the largest ecoindustry demonstrating area. At the same time, the constructing pattern should be selected according to the actual circumstances; science and technology should be applied to construct the demonstrating areas and accelerate the industrialization in the big market. Additionally, it is important to smooth the constructing system and implement the flexible and efficacious running mechanism, and it is suggested that the committee should be organized to administer the ecological demonstrating areas in Hexi Region.

Measuring Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,China

Social vulnerability in this study represents the differences between the capacity to cope with natural hazards and disaster losses suffered within and between places.The assessment of social vulnerability has been recognized as a critical step in understanding natural hazard risks and enhancing effective response capabilities.This article presents an initial study of the social vulnerability of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(B-T-H) Region in China.The goal is to replicate and test the applicability of the United States Social Vulnerability Index(So VI) method in a Chinese cultural context.Thirty-nine variables adapted from the So VI were collected in relation to two aspects:socioeconomic vulnerability and built environment vulnerability.Using factor analysis,seven factors were extracted from the variable set:the structure of social development,the level of economic and government financial strength,social justice and poverty,family structure,the intensity of space development,the status of residential housing and transportation,and building structure.Factor scores were summed to get the final So VI scores and the most and least vulnerable units were identified and mapped.The highest social vulnerability is concentrated in the northwest of the study area.The least socially vulnerable areas are mainly distributed in the Beijing,Tianjin and Shijiazhuang core urban peripheral and central city areas of the prefecture-level cities.The results show that this method is a useful tool for revealing places that have a high level of vulnerability,in other words,areas which are more likely to face significant challenges in coping with a large-scale event.These findings could provide a scientific basis for policy making and the implementation of disaster prevention and mitigation in China.

The interactive development of economy in Hebei coastal region and local universities

This article taking national current affairs decisions as entry points, the theory related to regional economy as basis, analyzes the development relation between regional economy and local universities, thus puts forward countermeasures to achieve the interactive and coordinating development of Hebei coastal regional economy and local universities.

Initiation and recession of the fluvial knickpoints:A case study from the Yalu River-Wangtian'e volcanic region,northeastern China

Initiation and recession of the knickpoints are significant boundary condition for processes of fluvial system. The distribution and recession rates of knickpoints contain information that provides a fundamental understanding of geomorphic processes. In the Yalu River-Wangtian＇e volcanic region of northeastern China, broadly distributed fiat lava terrain provides an ideal site to study the recession of fluvial knickpoints because knickpoints and waterfalls are well preserved here. Here we describe the distribution of knickpoints in the Yalu River-Wangtian＇e volcanic region by combining DEM analysis and numerical modeling Furthermore, we present a knickpoint celerity model, derived from stream-power incision model, to relate knickpoint recession rate to drainage area. We calibrate important empirical coefficients with our knickpoint celerity model; the best fit erosion coefficient （K） is 1.32×10^-8, and the best fit drainage area exponent （m） is 0.69. Error analysis indicates a close correspondence between synthetic and real knickpoints. Finally, we show that knickpoint recession rates in the Yalu River-Wangtian＇e volcanic region are -1-10 mm/a during the early stages of transient incision, and that the present rates are -1-6 mm/a. Our recession rate results are in good agreement with previous findings from the Aso Volcano and volcanoes near Boso Peninsula （Japan）, which have a similar geologic history to the Yalu River-Wangtian＇e volcanic region. Our present effort provides new insight into landscape evolution in the Yalu River-Wangtian＇e volcanic region in northeastern China.