污水处理场中污泥的油化处理技术

<正> 前言通商产业厅自1986年(昭和61年)起,着手实施大型设计计划。该计划是将膜分离及微生物反应技术用于水的综合利用,而该计划中重要一环就是污泥的油化处理技术。在日本,每年从污水处理场排出5000万米~3污泥(污泥含水率为96％)。

表面亲油纳米二氧化硅改变岩石表面润湿性的研究

实验研究了注水井增注用的4种商品表面亲油改性纳米二氧化硅改变岩石表面润湿性的能力.kg为0.01～0.1 μm2的胜利义北砂岩岩心,洗油后浸泡在盐水中使表面亲水,注入0.5～3.0 PV 1.5 g/L的纳米二氧化硅柴油悬浮液,静置不同时间,用自吸吸入法测定岩心相对润湿指数W(水、油润湿指数之比).结果表明,W值随注入量增大按指数关系减小,注入量3 PV时达到稳定值,注入量相同时随静置时间(18～40小时)延长而减小;在注入量2 PV、静置40小时条件下除829外的3种样品使亲水岩心(W=1.7)变亲油(W＜1.0),俄罗斯产品101效果最好,W=0.5.用光学投影法测量并图示了表面亲水岩石薄片依次浸泡在煤油、纳米二氧化硅柴油悬浮液、盐水中时接触角随浸泡时间的变化.在煤油中,大理石和灰岩表面变亲油,纳米二氧化硅处理使接触角略有增大;在盐水中,经101处理的大理石表面亲油性至少维持500小时,其余样品处理的大理石迅速变为亲水,各种样品处理的亲油灰岩表面在盐水中经过～0～70小时(样品101)先后变为亲水.玻璃表面在煤油中仍亲水,不同纳米二氧化硅处理玻璃的效果各不相同:迅速亲油化(101和727),～60小时后变亲油(829),接触角增大但仍亲水(902);处理后的亲油玻璃表面在盐水中迅速变强亲水.纳米二氧化硅不能使石英表面亲油化.图6表4参6.

专利文摘

一种等离子体接枝FEVE氟树脂纳滤膜的制备方法包括以下步骤：将纳米级无机粒子油化处理;处理后的无机粒子与四氟乙烯一乙烯基醚共聚型FEVE氟树脂粉末、添加剂在混料机中共混,然后用热压机在100-190℃压成平板膜;该氟塑料平板膜经萃取、碱洗,形成微纳米级氟树脂膜基材;将葡萄糖烯丙基酰胺和丙烯酸倒入无水乙醇中,搅拌均匀,形成涂覆液;将氟树脂膜基材洗净、干燥,浸泡到上述的涂覆液中一定时间,取出晾干后,将氟树脂膜基材置于等离子体内照射,制得覆盖了表面高度亲水化微涂层的氟树脂纳滤膜.该纳滤膜具有强度高、通量大、耐酸碱、永久亲水等特点（申请专利号：CN201610952544.7）.

Commercial Application of the ICR Series Lube Isodewaxing Catalysts

This article illustrates the application of the ICR series lube oil isodewaxing catalysts in commercial scale and proposes the strategy on long cycle operation and optimization of catalysts. The results of commercial application of the catalyst have revealed that the catalyst after pretreatment including drying, sulfidation and reduction can process VGO into base oils meeting the HVI II and HVI II+ standards, and can manufacture base oils meeting the HVI III standard after incorporating the filtrate oil or gatch from acetone-benzene solvent dewaxing unit. The nitrogen content of the feed oil to the IDW reactor should be controlled at 1.0—1.5 ppm, while the CO and CO2 contents in fresh hydrogen is strictly controlled to avoid poisoning of the IDW-HDF catalysts.

Pretreatment of Coal Gasification Wastewater by Acidification Demulsion

General pretreatment processes of ammonia stripping and phenols solvent extraction can reduce the concentration of toxic compounds of the coal gasification wastewater for the following biological treatment. However, some emulsified coal tar still exists in the influent and many substances in coal tar are refractory and toxic to microorganisms. This study is mainly on the removal of emulsified coal tar by acidification demulsion. The experimental results show that the acidification process of the wastewater by pure hydrochloric acid can reduce the chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total organic carbon （TOC）, total phenolics and oil about 3.1%-11.3%, 6%-- 10.8%, 5.3%--8.6% and 25.2%--57.4% respectively with pH value in the range of 4 to 7. The analysis of molecular weight distribution indicates that compounds removed from the wastewater by this process are large molecular substances. The experiment also shows that the efficiency of COD removal in the demulsion process by different acids is different and the phosphoric acid is prominent. The preserved time of the wastewater also affects the efficiency of demulsion. Small amount low-cost solid additives including kaolin and diatomite can improve the rate of coal tar sedimentation and enhance the removal efficiency of organics in the phosphoric acidification process.

A Novel Scheduling Strategy for Crude Oil Blending

For those refineries which have to deal with different types of crude oil, blending is an attractive solution to obtain a quality feedstock. In this paper, a novel scheduling strategy is proposed for a practical crude oil blending process. The objective is to keep the property of feedstock, mainly described by the true boiling point (TBP) data, consistent and suitable. Firstly, the mathematical model is established. Then, a heuristically initialized hybrid iterative (HIHI) algorithm based on a two-level optimization structure, in which tabu search (TS) and differential evolution (DE) are used for upper-level and lower-level optimization, respectively, is proposed to get the model solution. Finally, the effectiveness and efficiency of the scheduling strategy is validated via real data from a certain refinery.

Study on Application of Bi-directional Combination Technology Integrating Residue Hydrotreating with Catalytic Cracking RICP

After analysing the disadvantages of the traditional residue hydrotreating-catalytic cracking combination process, RIPP has proposed a bi-directional combination technology integrating residue hydrotreating with catalytic cracking called RICP which does not further recycles the FCC heavy cycle oil (HCO) inside the FCC unit and delivers HCO to the residue hydrotreating unit as a diluting oil for the residue that is concurrently subjected to hydrotreating prior to being used as the FCC feed oil. The RICP technology can stimulate residue hydrotreating reactions through utilization of HCO along with an in- creased yield of FCC light distillate, resulting in enhanced petroleum utilization and economic benefits of the refinery.

Purification of Crude Glycerol from Waste Cooking Oil Based Biodiesel Production by Orthogonal Test Method

Purification of original crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production was conducted in a laboratory scale equipment by means of a combined chemical and physical treatment method based upon repeated cycles of acidification of liquid phase to the desired pH value by using 5.85% H3PO4 solution for pH value adjustment, and the mixture was kept at 70 ℃ for 60 rain to make phase separation for obtaining a glycerol-rich middle phase. The yield of crude glycerol reached 81.2%. Subsequently, upon reaction of the obtained glycerol phase with 0.03% of sodium oxalate at 80 ℃ for 30 min the impurity removal rate was equal to 19.8%. The fraction boiling between 164 ℃ and 200 ℃ was collected by vacuum distil- lation followed by decolorization with 2% of active carbon at 80 ℃ for two times to yield the product glycerol with an ac- ceptable purity of 98.10%.

Development and Commercial Application of Resid Hydrotreating Technology--RHT

The RHT technology is developed by Research Institute of Petroleum Processing (RIPP) for residuum hydrotreating in order to produce good quality RFCC feed. The advantages of the RHT series catalysts are presented in this article, based on the results of activity tests and a 9500 hours service life test in pilot plants and the assessment on a commercial application.

Suitability of Sour Crude Processing and Resid Hydrotreating Technologies

This article has analyzed the environment and tasks confronting China's petroleum refining industry, and has referred to principles for selecting the resid processing technologies and viability of various combination technologies for resid processing. Taking into account the actual commercial practice of resid hydrogenation units, this article has also discussed methods for processing high-sulfur inferior crudes as well as the suitability of resid hydrogenation technology.

Development and Application of DCC Catalysts to Meet New Demands

The new generation of DCC catalysts, the DMMC/RMMC series catalysts developed by RIPP are introduced in this paper. The large molecule cracking ability is enhanced by increasing the portion of large pores; and the coke selectivity is improved by adjusting the acidity site density on the matrix surface, while the selective cracking reactions are increased. The sphericity of catalysts is improved by adopting new preparation method. The commercial application results have shown that applying DMMC/RMMC series catalysts with the mixed VGO, VGO plus AR, and hydrotreated VGO feed can increase the propylene yield by 2.43, 1.3 and 0.8 percentage points, respectively, as compared to the previous catalysts along with improvement in some products yields. The refining enterprises can make more profits after applying new series of DCC catalysts.

Photochemical Method to Evaluate Oxidation Levels in Heat-Treated Vegetable Oil： Comparison with Peroxide-Value and Acid-Value

To determine the degree of oxidation in vegetable oil, a photochemical method using the electron spin resonance （ESR） spin trapping technique was developed, and the results were compared with those obtained using conventional peroxide-value （PV） and acid-value （AV） methods. Vegetable oil heat-treated were subjected to short UV illumination, and the produced alkyl-oxyl radicals were identified and quantified using the ESR spin trapping technique. ESR signal intensity was used as an indicator of oil oxidation, which monotonically increased as a function of the heat-treatment time. Commercially, available oils were selected and analyzed. The results were compared with those obtained using the PV and AV methods. The present method displayed some analogies with the PV method at least in the early stage of heating. Overall, the present method had highly sensitive and capable of detecting early-stage oxidation in vegetable oil.

Operation and Optimization of Residue Hydrotreating Unit Using New Catalyst System

This article has summarized the optimized measures relating to the loading of catalyst,and the sixth operating cycle of the residue hydrotreating unit at SINOPEC's Maoming Branch Company,and made a detailed comparison on the impurities removal rate,hydrogen consumption and energy consumption of the sixth operating cycle with those achieved by the previous five cycles.Test results have revealed that the second-generation RHT series novel residue hydrotreating catalysts featured high activity,good stability,and long operating cycle and could remarkably reduce the hydrogen consumption and energy consumption of process unit.The hydrotreated AR product,having low Conradson carbon residue,low sulfur content,low metal content,high content of saturated hydrocarbons,and low content of asphaltenes and resins,is an excellent FCC feed.Judging from their overall property the second-generation RHT series of residue hydrotreating catalysts used in the sixth operating cycle have commanded a leading position among other catalysts used in previous operating cycles.

Influence of Al2O3 and TiO2 supports on catalytic performance of Ni and Co catalysts for gasification of glycerol waste

Since the constant increase in petroleum price, use of glycerol waste, which is a byproduct from biodiesel production, as a partial replacement for fossil fuels via thermochemical conversion waste to energy processes is more practical. Gasification reaction has attracted a lot of interest by producing syngas rich in CO and H2. This syngas can be converted to clean liquid fuels, such as methanol and Fischer-Tropsch oil. Nickel and Cobalt catalyst was widely used in steam reforming reaction. ethanol etc. The aim of this work is to prepare and characterize 5.0 and 10.0%wt of Ni and Co catalysts using the impregnation method on various supporters, such as alumina and titanium oxide （TiO2） and to evaluate their catalytic performance. The specific surface area of developed catalysts was measured. X-ray diffraction （XRD） was applied to determine phase and crystallized size of the catalysts. Examination of the morphology. elemental composition and distribution of metal on the catalysts support were carried out using scanning electron microscopy （SEMi and energy dispersion spectroscopy （EDS） and x-ray mapping. The catalytic performance of prepared catalysts was test at 700 and 900℃ temperature of reaction. 1.87% O2. The result showed that the synthesized nickel and cobalt catalysts via impregnation method using Al2O3 and TiO2 as the catalyst support were suitable for glycerol conversion.

Treatment of sauce wastewater by sequencing biological -chemical reactor (SBCR)

The concept of SBCR was put forward to treat sauce wastewater. Further study showed that adding appropriate amount of calcium chloride to SBR can improve the quality of effluent. The removal rate of COD and color was 84% and 80%, 36%, 96% higher than those of traditional SBR respectively. The results of continuous experiments and biophase observing showed that calcium chloride accumulation increased the sludge production slightly while the sludge dewatering characteristic was improved.

Development of RSDS-III Technology for Ultra-Low-Sulfur Gasoline Production

The 3rd generation catalytic cracking naphtha selective hydrodesulfurization(RSDS-III) technology developed by RIPP included the catalysts selective adjusting(RSAT) technology, the development of new catalysts and optimized process conditions. The pilot plant test results showed that the RSDS-III technology could be adapted to different feedstocks. The sulfur content dropped from 600 μg/g and 631 μg/g to 7 μg/g and 9 μg/g, respectively, by RSDS-III technology when feed A and feed B were processed to meet China national V gasoline standard, with the RON loss of products equating to 0.9 units and 1.0 unit, respectively. While the feed C with a medium sulfur content was processed according to the full-range naphtha hydrotreating technology, the sulfur content dropped from 357 μg/g in the feed to 10 μg/g in gasoline, with the RON loss of product decreased by only 0.6 units. Thanks to the high HDS activity and good selectivity of RSDS-III technology, the ultra-low-sulfur gasoline meeting China V standard could be produced by the RSDS-III technology with little RON loss.

Overview on Application of Response Surface Methodology （RSM） in Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent （POME）

There are many factors affecting the performance of a treatment system especially in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent （POME） as its contains high amounts of suspended solid, low pH, high salt content and high chemical oxygen demand （COD）. However, one factor at a time approach is complicated method in establishing relationship between multiple parameters. Response surface methodology （RSM） is a recommended approach as it is widely used to analyze and study the interactions between multiple parameters and provides optimum output as well as minimizing the defects which result in good treatment system. This paper overviews the recent and current research in the application of RSM in optimizing the treatment development of POME.

Immobilization of Agaricus Bisporus Laccase on Ceramic-Chitosan Composite Support and Their Properties:Potential for Oily Wastewater Treatment

Laccase was immobilized on the ceramic-chitosan composite support by using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking reagent. The immobilization conditions and characterization of the immobilized enzyme were investigated. The immobilization of laccase was successfully realized when 3.0 mL of 1.25 mg/mL of laccase at a pH value of 4.0 reacted with 0.15 g of ceramic-chitosan composite support(CCCS) at 4 ℃ for 24 h. The immobilized enzyme exhibited a maximum activity at pH 3.0. The optimal temperatures for immobilized enzyme were 25 ℃ and 50 ℃. The K_m value of immobilized laccase for ABTS was 66.64 μmol/L at a pH value of 3.0 at 25 ℃. Compared with free laccase, the thermal, operating and storage stability of immobilized laccase was improved after the immobilization.

Application of Waste Biomass Pyrolysis Oil in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine： For a Small Scale Non-Grid Electrification

The population which could not access to electricity was around 1.2 billion in 2010 and is distributed in many low developing countries. With the increase in the population and the economic growth in those countries, waste generation is growing rapid especially for the organic and the plastic, and the uncontrolled waste disposal is becoming more serious issues to manage it. The interest on waste to energy is growing by the above drivers. This research was carried out for aiming to the real world adaption at the minimum cost of the pyrolysis oil from waste biomass in a diesel engine, mainly for electricity generation. The proposal of the appropriate adaptable blend ratio was the major scope rather than the optimization of the engine parameters. For the sake of it, the pyrolysis oil of the waste biomass was produced from a gasification pilot plant in Japan and blended with biodiesel at minimum effort. A small single cylinder diesel engine （direct injection） was used for the experiment with regard to full load power-output, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption.