高海拔地区用重量法测废水中油化物含量方法的校正

对废水中的油化物进行监测的常用方法是重量法 ,在此方法中 ,温度控制是关键。但是在《水和废水监测分析方法》中规定的控温范围并不适合于高海拔地区 。

生物油模化物蒸汽重整制氢中催化剂的研究

连续吸附强化生物油重整制氢工艺能够实现连续高效制取氢气,对该工艺所需的颗粒状催化剂进行了制备,研究了它们对三种生物油模化物(乙醇、丙酮、苯酚)催化性能的差异.实验在固定的操作条件下进行,重整温度设定为750℃,水和碳质量比为6∶1,催化剂填充量为10 cm.结果表明,镍的加入能有效促进重整反应的进行,镁、铈、钴等助剂的添加能够提高催化剂的抗积炭性能,在所制备的催化剂中Mg-Ni/Co对三种模化物均显示出良好的催化性能.利用Mg-Ni/Co催化剂对模拟生物油进行重整制氢,其三类产氢率分别能够达到60%,70%,90%以上,且显示了良好的稳定性和再生性能.

天然油脂乙氧基化物稳定高内相乳液影响因素的研究

以棕榈仁油乙氧基化物(SOE-N-60)为表面活性剂稳定高内相乳液(HIPEs)。通过对乳液外观、微观结构、粒径分布、黏度和流变学测试,研究了油相体积分数、SOE-N-60添加量对HIPEs性能的影响,同时对其稳定性进行考察。结果表明:SOE-N-60添加量为0.6%~1.5%(油相体积分数为83%)、油相体积分数为74%~86%(SOE-N-60添加量为1.0%)时可形成稳定的HIPEs,此时乳液液滴内部形成紧密堆积的网络结构,乳液粒径变小,具有弹性凝胶性质,并展现出很好的黏弹性和触变性,且随着油相体积分数和SOE-N-60添加量的增大,乳液黏弹性逐渐增强,同时HIPEs在(-5±1)℃、(25±1)℃、(40±1)℃下贮存24 h时均具有良好的稳定性。

棕榈仁油乙氧基化物磺酸钠的合成与性能

棕榈仁油乙氧基化物磺酸钠(SNS80)以棕榈仁油为原料经过乙氧基化、磺化工艺制备而成,FT IR表征,对SNS80常温下的物理化学性能及应用性能进行了测试,如表面张力、临界胶束浓度、水溶液黏度、泡沫、去污力、乳化力,并与月桂醇聚醚硫酸钠(AES)进行了对比。结果表明,SNS80表面张力为34.96mN/m;临界胶束质量浓度为467.3mg/L;SNS80水溶液的黏度随活性物浓度的增加,表现出先升高后降低的趋势,SNS80质量分数为50%水溶液黏度达到最高值1600mPa·s;SNS80在硬水中起始起泡高度为10mm;SNS80对碳黑油污布、蛋白污布的去污力与AES相当,对皮脂污布的去污力与AES相比较弱;对大豆油及液体石蜡的乳化力与AES相当。

脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物的生产与应用

介绍了脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物FMEE的制备方法,包括合成路线和催化剂选择,产品合成过程。表征了FMEE产品性质,结果表明,FMEE产品属低张力非离子表面活性剂,耐硬水性能、分散性、净洗性、低温流动性及生物降解性能都较好。综述了FMEE产品的应用,可用于日化领域的餐具洗涤剂和洗衣液,农药乳化剂、石油工业中降滤失剂及在造纸、煤碳浮选、硬表面清洗、纺织印染等领域应用。

凝胶乳液型卸妆油的开发与性能研究

以少量乳木果油乙氧基化物为乳化剂,以不同化妆品植物油作为油相,制备一系列凝胶乳液型卸妆油产品,通过光学显微镜观察了其微观结构,旋转流变仪测试了其流变性能,对其储存稳定性、热稳定性、冻融稳定性进行了考察,并对所制备的卸妆油进行了感官评价和卸妆性能测试。实验结果表明,制备的凝胶型卸妆油均为高内相水包油凝胶乳液,呈现典型强凝胶的特征,具有良好的稳定性,气味清淡,颜色均一,卸妆效果和使用体验良好。

Design of Multiple Metal Doped Ni Based Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Bio-oil Reforming at Mild-temperature

A new kind of multiple metal （Cu, Mg, Ce） doped Ni based mixed oxide catalyst, synthesized by the co-precipitation method, was used for efficient production of hydrogen from bio-oil reforming at 250-500℃. Two reforming processes, the conventional steam reforming （CSR） and the electrochemical catalytic reforming （ECR）, were performed for the bio-oil reforming. The catalyst with an atomic mol ratio of Ni：Cu：Mg：Ce：AI=5.6：1.1：1.9：1.0：9.9 exhibited very high reforming activity both in CSR and ECR processes, reaching 82.8% hydrogen yield at 500℃ in the CSR, yield of 91.1% at 400℃ and 3.1 A in the ECR, respectively. The influences of reforming temperature and the current through the catalyst in the ECR were investigated. It was observed that the reforming and decomposition of the bio-oil were significantly enhanced by the current. The promoting effects of current on the decomposition and reforming processes of bio-oil were further studied by using the model compounds of bio- oil （acetic acid and ethanol） under 101 kPa or low pressure （0.1 Pa） through the time of flight analysis. The catalyst also shows high water gas shift activity in the range of 300-600 ℃. The catalyst features and alterations in the bio-oil reforming were characterized by the ICP, XRD, XPS and BET measurements. The mechanism of bio-oil reforming was discussed based on the study of the elemental reactions and catalyst characterizations. The research catalyst, potentially, may be a practical catalyst for high efficient production of hydrogen from reforming of bio-oil at mild-temperature.

Study on fluidized-bed pyrolysis of waste paper

A lab-scale fluidized bed is setup and pyrolysis experiments are carried out. When temperature ranges from 400 to 700 ℃, the yields of solid residue, bio-oil and syngas range from 36% to 18%, 19% to 30% and 9% to 42%, respectively, and the mass balance of pyrolysis ranges from 80% to 95%. At 400 to 700 ℃, the characteristics of bio-oil are similar and the heat value is about 10 MJ/kg. When the temperature is over 600℃, the yield of syngas increases approximately twice as much as that at 500 ℃. The yields of CO2 and CO increase from 70 to 230 L/kg and 50 to 106 L/kg, respectively, while the yield of syngas only increases about 5% when the temperature increases from 600 to 700 ℃. The results indicate that the pyrolysis mechanism of waste paper is similar from 400 to 700 ℃, while the yield of syngas can be affected by secondary pyrolysis of bio-oil.

Effect of Three Precursors on Accumulation of Principal Volatile Oil Constituents in Tissue Culture Plantlets of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.

[Objective] This study was to explore the effect of three precursors on the accumulation of principal volatile oil constituents in tissue culture plantlets of Atractylodes lancea （Thunb.） DC. with the aim to provide references for the improvement of artificial cultivated A. lancea quality. [Method] Three precursors were added into the MS rooting medium for A. lancea tissue culture plantlets and the volatile oil was extracted by ultrasonication after cultured for several days. The content of atractylon, atractylol, β-eucalyptol and atractydin in the volatile oil were determined by using gas chromatography method. [Result] The addition of xylose, isoprene and tetrahydrofuran impacted the growth indicators, yield of volatile oil and relative percentage content of the four constituents of A. lancea tissue culture plantlets. In the 6 g/L xylose optimized medium, the atractylon and β-eucalyptol content reached up to 4.23% and 56.34%, respectively, 1.41% and 1.66% higher than the control; although the addition of isoprene into medium raised the atractylon content, the accumulation of total volatile oil was inhibited that it decreased by 23.67%, 31.06% and 7.10% to the control; for the tetrahydrofuran optimized medium, the content of atractylon, atractylol and atractydin all increased, and the total volatile oil content increased by 49.97% to the control when the concentration of tetrahydrofuran was 0.07 g/L. [Conclusion] The addition of xylose and tetrahydrofuran promoted the accumulation of principal constituents of the volatile oil, whereas the addition of isoprene inhibited the accumulation.

反式脂肪酸的危害研究

自1903年德国科学家发明氢化植物油之后，人类特别是西方国家便进入了人造奶油的消费阶段，但植物油在催化加氢过程中不饱和脂肪酸的空间结构发生变化，会生成与自然食品相违的单不饱和反式脂肪酸。与饱和脂肪酸一样，反式脂肪酸是哺乳动物体内储藏的脂肪形式。因其空间结构的特点使其充当人类健康之恶魔的角色。其对人体健康所造成的危害已成定论。全世界经济的大融合使中国居民的饮食倾向于西化，反式脂肪酸的摄入量便逐年增加这是不容忽视的。对其控制是从人类进入21世纪才开始的。在我国，普通食品中反式脂肪酸含量的国家法规还没有推出，生产企业和消费者也自然无所适从。日常生活中，反式脂肪酸又常是改头换面隐藏在一些食品中，这就要求我们在购买食品时睁开一双慧眼将其识别出来，理性消费远离其危害。

菲律宾椰产品出口下降

菲律宾椰子协会联合会公布的最新统计数据表明,今年头两个月,菲椰产品出口量约为29.3万吨,比去年同期下降了17％。

菲律宾椰产品出口增长

据菲律宾椰子协会联合会日前公布的初步统计数据,2001年1～12月6日。

菲律宾椰子产品出口下降

菲律宾椰子协会联合会公布的最新统计数据,2002年头两个月,菲椰产品出口量约为29.3万吨,比2001年同期下降了17％。

Production of Low-carbon Light Olefins from Catalytic Cracking of Crude Bio-oil

Low-carbon light olefins are the basic feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Catalytic cracking of crude bio-oil and its model compounds （including methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, and phenol） to light olefins were performed by using the La/HZSM-5 catalyst. The highest olefins yield from crude bio-oil reached 0.19 kg/（kg crude bio-oil）. The reaction conditions including temperature, weight hourly space velocity, and addition of La into the HZSM-5 zeolite can be used to control both olefins yield and selectivity. Moderate adjusting the acidity with a suitable ratio between the strong acid and weak acid sites through adding La to the zeolite effectively enhanced the olefins selectivity and improved the catalyst stability. The production of light olefins from crude bio-oil is closely associated with the chemical composition and hydrogen to carbon effective ratios of feedstock. The comparison between the catalytic cracking and pyrolysis of bio-oil was studied. The mechanism of the bio-oil conversion to light olefins was also discussed.

Optimizing Control of Bio-dissimilation Process of Glycerol to 1,3-Propanedlol

An iterative optimization strategy is proposed and applied to the steady state optimizing control of the bio-dissimilation process of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol in the presence of model-plant mismatch and input constraints. The scheme is based on the Augmented Integrated System Optimization and Parameter Estimation （AI- SOPE） technique, but a linearization of some performance function in the modified model-based optimization problem of AISOPE is introduced to overcome the difficulty of determining an appropriate penalty parameter. When carrying out the iterative optimization, the penalty coefficient is set to a larger value at the current iteration than at the previous iteration, which can promote the evolution rate of the iterative optimization. Simulation studies illustrate the potential ofthe approach presented for the optimizing control of the bioTdissimilation process of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. The effects of measurement noise, measured and unmeasured disturbances on the proposed algorithm are also investigated.

Identification and Characterization of Sulfur Compounds in Straight-Run Diesel Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional GC Coupled with TOF MS

The solid-phase extraction using Pd-Al2O3 as the stationary phase was employed to pre-separate the sulfur compounds in straight-run diesel. The isolating effect was evaluated quantitatively by gas chromatography with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector to harvest a satisfactory result. The identification of the structure of sulfur compounds by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with the time-of-flight mass spectrometry indicated that cyclo-sulfides, benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, dihydro-benzothiophenes and tetrahydro-dibenzothiophenes were included in straightrun diesel obtained from the Arab medium crude(AM). A total of 259 individual compounds were detected and their molecular structures were identified. The analytical method was approved as an effective way to characterize the composition of sulfur compounds, which reduced the interference of other compounds, facilitated the data presentation and provided more detailed information about molecular composition of sulfur compounds.

Research of Pyrolysis Oil and Catalysts of Garlic Stalks

We undertook a pyrolysis research on garlic stalks to solve its difficulty in use. We found that the inorganic salts in biomass played an important role in catalytic pyrolysis. Moreover, we studied the pyrolysis behavior under catalyst and catalyst-free conditions. The results showed that the weightlessness rate of garlic stalks was the highest at 550 ℃ under catalyst-free condition. The oil production rate increased with the increase of temperature and reached the peak at 550 ℃. Subsequently, as the temperature increased, the secondary cracking was intensified and oil production rate was decreased. The oil production rate increased significantly （almost 15%） under catalysis of KOH. However, the oil production rate was the highest at 500-600℃. What＇s more, we found that KOH played a major role in promoting decomposition of surface skin cells and subcutaneous fibrous layer of garlic stalks.

Transformation of Bio-oil into BTX by Bio-oil Catalytic Cracking

Production of benzene, toluene and xylenes （BTX） from bio-oil can provide basic feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Catalytic conversion of bio-oil into BTX was performed by using different pore characteristics zeolites （HZSM-5, HY-zeolite, and MCM-41）. Based on the yield and selectivity of BTX, the production of aromatics decreases in the following order： HZSM-5〉MCM-41〉HY-zeolite. The highest BTX yield from bio-oil using HZSM-5 reached 33.1% with aromatics selectivity of 86.4%. The reaction conditions and catalyst characterization were investigated in detail to make clear the optimal operating parameters and the relation between the catalyst structure and the production of BTX.

Solid Acid Used as Highly Efficient Catalyst for Esterification of Free Fatty Acids with Alcohols

Anovel solid acid catalyst, which was prepared from sodium alginate (SA) and metal chlorides and characterized with XRD and FT-IR spectrometry, was used for the preparation of biodiesel via esterification reaction. The study results showed that the aluminum-alginate complex prepared in a cheap and easy way exhibited high catalytic activity, and a 92.6% conversion of methyl oleate was obtained in the presence of 4m% of catalyst dosage upon refluxing for 3h of methanol and acid mixed in a molar ratio of 10:1. It should be noted that the catalyst can be applied to the esterification reaction of fatty acids with various carbon chain length on methanol or different short chain alcohols, indicating that the catalyst is suitable for the preparation of biodiesel from waste oils with a high acid value.

Production of Hydrogen from Bio-oil Using Low-temperature Electrochemical Catalytic Reforming Approach over CoZnAI Catalyst

High-efficient production of hydrogen from bio-oil was performed by electrochemical catalytic reforming method over the CoZnAl catalyst. The influence of current on the hydrogen yield, carbon conversion, and products distribution were investigated. Both the hydrogen yield and carbon conversion were remarkably enhanced by the current through the catalyst, reaching hydrogen yield of 70% and carbon conversion of 85% at a lower reforming temperature of 500 ℃. The influence of current on the properties of the CoZnAl catalyst was also characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements. The thermal electrons would play an important role in promoting the reforming reactions of the oxygenated-organic compounds in the bio-oil.