L250型螺杆式空气压缩机的常见故障分析及处理措施

压缩过程中油喷入压缩腔,随着转子的不断旋转增加了油气混合气的压力,混合气通过空气端的排气口进入油气分离器,进行油、气分离。分离出来的油聚集于分离器的底部,通过分离器滤芯的压缩空气,经最小压力阀流到后冷却器,压缩空气经后冷却器的冷却后,再经压缩空气出口流到用气管网。

Thermal Treatment for Decreasing the Acidity of Crude Oil

Highly acidic crude oil is thermally soaked to investigate how the temperature and time involved affect the removal of organic acid in feedstock. Experimental results indicate that thermal treatment is an effective approach to decreasing acidity and the acid removal rate reaches 80%. Temperature is one of the main factors that determine the acid removal reaction. When the temperature ranges from 420oC to 440oC, the acid removal rate increases with the rise of the reaction temperature, but the increase slows down gradually. At the reaction temperature below 440oC, the long reaction time favors the acid removal. The cracking and polymerization of hydrocarbon molecules take place so that the properties of the crude oil change at the same time when the highly acidic crude is thermally treated.

A Novel Scheduling Strategy for Crude Oil Blending

For those refineries which have to deal with different types of crude oil, blending is an attractive solution to obtain a quality feedstock. In this paper, a novel scheduling strategy is proposed for a practical crude oil blending process. The objective is to keep the property of feedstock, mainly described by the true boiling point (TBP) data, consistent and suitable. Firstly, the mathematical model is established. Then, a heuristically initialized hybrid iterative (HIHI) algorithm based on a two-level optimization structure, in which tabu search (TS) and differential evolution (DE) are used for upper-level and lower-level optimization, respectively, is proposed to get the model solution. Finally, the effectiveness and efficiency of the scheduling strategy is validated via real data from a certain refinery.

Biodegradation of crude oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of rhamnolipids

The potential biodegradation of crude oil was assessed based on the development of a fermentative process with a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which produced 15.4 g/L rhamnolipids when cultured in a basal mineral medium using glycerol as a sole carbon source. However, neither cell growth nor rhamnolipid production was observed in the comparative culture system using crude oil as the sole carbon source instead. As rhamnolipid, an effective biosurfactant, has been reported to stimulate the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, 1 g/L glycerol or 0.22 g/L rhamnolipid was initially added into the medium to facilitate the biodegradation of crude oil. In both situations, more than 58% of crude oil was degraded and further converted into accumulated cell biomass and rhamnolipids. These results suggest that Pseudomonas aeruginosa could degrade most of crude oil with direct or indirect addition of rhamnolipid. And this conclusion was further supported by another adsorption experiment, where the ad-sorption capacity of crude oil by killed cell biomass was negligible in comparison with the biologic activities of live cell biomass.

Study on Regeneration of MDEA Solution Using Membrane Distillation

Treating acid gases contained in natural gas by MDEA is used widely. But the efficiency of regeneration of the MDEA solution limited the development of this technology. An optimal temperature is necessary for regeneration of the MDEA solution using membrane distillation. The experiment results showed that the regeneration rate of MDEA rose with an increasing temperature. But the rate increased slowly after the regeneration temperature arrived at a certain value. This study can confirm that regeneration of the MDEA solution using membrane distillation is feasible. This technology provides more advantages as compared to conventional regeneration process.

Commercial Application of the ICR Series Lube Isodewaxing Catalysts

This article illustrates the application of the ICR series lube oil isodewaxing catalysts in commercial scale and proposes the strategy on long cycle operation and optimization of catalysts. The results of commercial application of the catalyst have revealed that the catalyst after pretreatment including drying, sulfidation and reduction can process VGO into base oils meeting the HVI II and HVI II+ standards, and can manufacture base oils meeting the HVI III standard after incorporating the filtrate oil or gatch from acetone-benzene solvent dewaxing unit. The nitrogen content of the feed oil to the IDW reactor should be controlled at 1.0—1.5 ppm, while the CO and CO2 contents in fresh hydrogen is strictly controlled to avoid poisoning of the IDW-HDF catalysts.

Alcohol-treated SiO_2 as the support of Ir-Re/SiO_2 catalysts for glycerol hydrogenolysis

The surface of SiO2 support was pretreated by C1-C4 normal alcohols before the impregnation of iridium and rhenium precursors.These catalysts were applied in high concentration glycerol aqueous solution hydrogenolysis.The catalysts prepared from the pretreated supports exhibited high catalytic activity because of the formation of more active sites from a high dispersion of iridium oxide and rhenium oxide.The catalysts with the support pretreated by 1-propanol showed the highest glycerol conversion of 59.5%.The supports and catalysts were characterized by FT-IR,nitrogen adsorption,TPR,XRD,TEM,H2-chemisorption and NH3-TPD.

Energy Consumption and Analysis on Energy Saving Measures at SINOPEC's Large Refineries

This article sums up the energy consumption of process units and the overall energy consumption of 10 Mt/a class refineries constructed or revamped in recent years. The energy saving measures adopted in design of these refineries are analyzed and discussed. Finally, this article also makes comments and puts forward recommendations on the objectives for energy conservation at refineries in the future.

Pretreatment of Crude Oil by Ultrasonic-electric United Desalting and Dewatering

A technology of ultrasonic-electric united desalting and dewatering of crude oil is studied. The ultrasonic setup is designed to form a standing-wave field, which is more efficient for agglomeration of water particles. The desalting and dewatering results of the ultrasonic-electric united process are compared with those of the electric process. For high salt-contenting crude oil （40-70 mg·L ^-1）, the salt content is still above 10.0 mg·L^-1 after crude oil has been treated by two-stage electric desalting process in refinery, which cannot meet the need of refinery. Ultrasonic-electric united process is a novel technology for treating the high salt-contenting oil. On the optimal operating conditions of the ultrasonic-electric united process, the salt content of crude oil can be reduced from 67 5 mg·L^-1 to 3.97 mg·L ^-1 by one-stage ultrasonic-electric united process, and the water content falls below 0.3% （by volume）. The results show that the ultrasonic-electric united process is more effective than the electric process in high salt-contenting oil desalting. This technology should be useful in the refinery process.

Kinetic Performance of Oil-field Produced Water Treatment by Biological Aerated Filter

The biological aerated filter （BAF） was used to treat the oil-field produced water. The removal efficiency for oil, COD, BOD and suspended solids （SS） was 76.3%-80.3%, 31.6%-57.9%, 8.6.3%-96.3% and76.4%--82.7%, respectively when the hydraulic loading rates varied from 016m·h^-1 to 1.4m·h^-1. The greatest partof removal, for example more than 80% of COD removal, occurred on the top 100cm of the media in BAF. The kinetic .performance of BAF indicated that the relationship of BOD removal efficiency with the hydraulic loadingrates, in biological aerated filters could be described by c1/c1=l-exp（-2.44/L^0.59）. This equation could be used topredict the B OD.removal efficiency at different hydraulic loading rates.

Effect of Coagulant Agents on Oily Wastewater Treatment Performance Using Mullite Ceramic MF Membranes： Experimental and Modeling Studies

In this paper, fouling mechanisms of mullite ceramic membranes for treatment of oily wastewaters in hybrid coagulation-microfiltration （MF） process presented. Hermia＇s models for cross flow filtration were used to investigate the fouling mechanisms of membranes with various coagulating chemicals concentrations. Four coagu lating chemicals （FeC12.4H20, FeSO4.7H20, A1C13-6H20 and A12（SO4）3.18H20） plus Ca（OH）2 of the same concen- tration were evaluated in the coagulation-MF hybrid process with different concentrations （0, 50 mg.L-1, 100 mg.L-1 and 200 mg.L-1）. To determine whether the data agree with models under consideration, the coefficients of determination （R2） of all models were compared with one another. In addition, average prediction errors of models were calculated. The results showed that cake filtration model can be applied for prediction of permeation flux decline for MF and coagulation-（MF） hybrid process with the best average error equal to 0.09%. Results indicated that pore blocking behavior changes as time of filtration increases, and one model cannot predict pore blocking behavior in all filtration time with very good precision.

Pretreatment of Coal Gasification Wastewater by Acidification Demulsion

General pretreatment processes of ammonia stripping and phenols solvent extraction can reduce the concentration of toxic compounds of the coal gasification wastewater for the following biological treatment. However, some emulsified coal tar still exists in the influent and many substances in coal tar are refractory and toxic to microorganisms. This study is mainly on the removal of emulsified coal tar by acidification demulsion. The experimental results show that the acidification process of the wastewater by pure hydrochloric acid can reduce the chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total organic carbon （TOC）, total phenolics and oil about 3.1%-11.3%, 6%-- 10.8%, 5.3%--8.6% and 25.2%--57.4% respectively with pH value in the range of 4 to 7. The analysis of molecular weight distribution indicates that compounds removed from the wastewater by this process are large molecular substances. The experiment also shows that the efficiency of COD removal in the demulsion process by different acids is different and the phosphoric acid is prominent. The preserved time of the wastewater also affects the efficiency of demulsion. Small amount low-cost solid additives including kaolin and diatomite can improve the rate of coal tar sedimentation and enhance the removal efficiency of organics in the phosphoric acidification process.

Selection of Technical Routes for Resid Processing

With the increasing trend of heavy crudes supply with deteriorated quality and demand for clean fuels, deep processing of residuum, in particular the processing of low-grade resid, has become the main source for enhancing economic benefits of oil refiners. This article has discussed the technol- ogy for processing of different resids and the advantages and disadvantages of the combination pro- cesses for resid processing, while pinpointing the directions for development and application of tech- nologies for resid processing in China.

Stabilization of sand dunes with oil residue: Application to civil engineering construction and environmental implications

The present work ascertains the feasibility of oil residue treatment for stabilizing wind-blown sand dunes. Various combinations of natural collapsible saline from the Jandaq desert of Iran and oil residue from distillation towers of Iranian refineries were tested in laboratory experiments. Stabilized sands were evaluated in terms of geotechnical properties, permeability, and oil retention characteristics(i.e. bonding mechanisms, leaching and migrating behaviour of oil residue from the stabilized sands). Since the presence of oil residue in soils can pose an environmental threat, the optimum retention capacity of the stabilized sands is of critical concern. Relative to sand that was not augmented with oil residue, specimens made of 7% oil residues had the highest compressive strength, significantly higher cohesion and load bearing capacity, and considerably lower permeability. The effect of distilled water, saline water and municipal sewage on prepared specimens were also evaluated.

Application of Heavy Solvent Deasphalting in Sour Resid Processing

Complete conversion of resid into light oil needs to consume large amount of hydrogen, because the light oil has higher hydrogen content. The conversion of whole resid into light oil is not economic at the normal price gap between the light and heavy oils. Hence a combination of hydrogenation process with carbon removal process is generally adopted.The heavy solvent deasphalting can selectively remove the asphaltenes and metals contained in resid while providing a large amount of easily convertible deasphalted oil for the down-stream processes.This article refers to the characteristics of heavy solvent deasphalting and its application in sour resid processing, along with various routes for utilization of deoiled asphalt.

Study on Application of Bi-directional Combination Technology Integrating Residue Hydrotreating with Catalytic Cracking RICP

After analysing the disadvantages of the traditional residue hydrotreating-catalytic cracking combination process, RIPP has proposed a bi-directional combination technology integrating residue hydrotreating with catalytic cracking called RICP which does not further recycles the FCC heavy cycle oil (HCO) inside the FCC unit and delivers HCO to the residue hydrotreating unit as a diluting oil for the residue that is concurrently subjected to hydrotreating prior to being used as the FCC feed oil. The RICP technology can stimulate residue hydrotreating reactions through utilization of HCO along with an in- creased yield of FCC light distillate, resulting in enhanced petroleum utilization and economic benefits of the refinery.

Development and Commercial Application of Resid Hydrotreating Technology--RHT

The RHT technology is developed by Research Institute of Petroleum Processing (RIPP) for residuum hydrotreating in order to produce good quality RFCC feed. The advantages of the RHT series catalysts are presented in this article, based on the results of activity tests and a 9500 hours service life test in pilot plants and the assessment on a commercial application.

Tribological Behaviors of S,B-Containing Morpholine Derivatives as Additives in Rapeseed Oil

Two novel ashless and non-phosphorus S, B-containing morpholine derivatives, MBOC and MBOD, were prepared and their tribological behaviors in rapeseed oil （RSO） were evaluated using a four-ball tester. Thermal degradation tests were conducted to identify their thermal stabilities using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The worn surfaces of the steel balls were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results indicated that the additives possessed high thermal stabilities and good load-carrying capacities. Moreover, they both had good anti-wear and friction reducing property at a relatively high concentration （1.5 m%） and under all test loads. The results of XPS analyses illustrated that the prepared compounds as additives in RSO could form a protective film containing inorganic sulfide, sulfate, oxidized compounds and organic nitrogen-containing compounds on the metal surface during the sliding process.

Surface modification of ilmenite and its accompanied gangue minerals by thermal pretreatment:Application in flotation process

The effect of conventional thermal pretreatment on the surface properties of ilmenite and its accompanied gangue minerals was investigated using flotation experiments(microflotation and laboratory cell flotation),XRD,XPS and FT-IR analysis and zeta potential and contact angle measurements.After treatment at 600℃ for 25 min as optimal condition,the floatability of ilmenite is improved from 73.5%to 91%at a pH value of 6.3.As demonstrated by XRD and XPS analysis,under this pretreatment condition,the Fe^(3+)content increases by almost 16.5%without any phase decomposition and structural changes in ilmenite.FT-IR analysis and contact angle and zeta potential measurements give evidences that the improvement of ilmenite floatability can be related to the enhancement of collector adsorption and the formation of a more insoluble hydrophobic layer of ferric iron oleate.The ore flotation experiments show that the thermal pretreatment process without making a significant change in TiO2 content of ilmenite concentrate enhances the TiO2 recovery from 65.4%to 73.7%.

Bioflocculant Produced by Klebsiella sp. MYC and Its Appli-cation in the Treatment of Oil-field Produced Water

Seventy-nine strains of bioflocculant-producing bacteria were isolated from 3 activated sludge samples. Among them, strain MYC was found to have the highest and stable flocculating rate for both kaolin clay suspension and oil-field produced water. The bacterial strain was identified as Klebsiella sp. MYC according to its morphological and biochemical characteristics and 16SrDNA sequence. The optimal medium for bioflocculant production by this bacterial strain was composed of cane sugar 20 g L^-1, KH2PO4 2 g L^-1, K2HPO4 5 g L^- 1, （ NH4）2SO4 0.2 g L^-1, urea 0.5 g L^- 1 and yeast extract 0.5 g L^- 1, the initial pH being 5.5. When the suspension of kaolin clay was treated with0.5% of Klebsiella sp. MYC culture broth, the flocculating rate reached more than 90.0% in the presence of 500mg L^-1 CaCI2, while the flocculating rate for oil-field produced water was near 80.0% in a pH range of 7.0 - 9.0 with the separation of oil and suspended particles from the oil-field produced water under similar conditions. The environment-friendly nature of the bioflocculant and high flocculating rate of the strain make the bioflocculant produced by Klebsiella sp. MYC an attractive bioflocculant in oil-field produced water treatment.