Western Liaoning Province is characterized by huge areas of lowly-efficient Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) pure plantations. How to transform these plantations has become an increasingly significant manageme...Western Liaoning Province is characterized by huge areas of lowly-efficient Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) pure plantations. How to transform these plantations has become an increasingly significant management problem. In this study, the authors summarized the approaches, which are based on close-to-nature silvicultural system, to transform the pure pine plantations. Native broadleaved trees were planted in three methods: 1) after strip clearcutting, 2) after patch clearcutting; 3) on the open forestland and the forest edge. The transformation targets and the selection of tree species were expatiated in this paper. The key techniques and their application conditions for each method were analyzed and discussed. Through investigation and contrastive analysis, the assessment was made to the stands transformed by strip method. Results showed that the mixed stands at 16 years after transformation had an obvious layered structure and the species richness of understorey vegetation increased by 23.5%–52.9%. Soil enzyme activities of urease, phosphatase and sucrase increased by 6%–142%, 46%–99% and 31%–200%, respetively. Moreover, the transformed stands could effectively control the occurrence of pine caterpillars in plantations. Consequently the transformations enhanced the function of soil and water conservation. Keywords Pinus tabulaeformis - Monoculture - Transformation - Principles and methods - Assessment CLC number S791.254 - S727.22 Document code A Foundation item: This research was supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX3-SW-418), National Natural Science Foundation of China (30100144), and National Key Technologies R & D Program of China (96-007-01-06).Biography: ZENG De-hui (1965-), male, Ph.D. professor in the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. ChinaResponsible editor: Zhu Hong展开更多
The modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared from the C9petroleum resin was modified with maleic anhydride.The effects of maleic rosin and maleic anhydride addition level,the modification time and the alkali liquor ...The modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared from the C9petroleum resin was modified with maleic anhydride.The effects of maleic rosin and maleic anhydride addition level,the modification time and the alkali liquor on the properties of the emulsion were discussed.The results showed that the optimum process conditions covered:a maleic anhydride mass fraction of 1.5%,a maleic rosin mass fraction of 10%,a KOH mass fraction of 1%,a petroleum resin modification temperature of 200℃,a petroleum resin modification duration of 3 h,and a modified petroleum resin emulsion/wax emulsion mixing ratio of 1:1.The particle size of modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared under these conditions was equal to 104.166μm.展开更多
基金This research was supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX3-SW-418) National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (30100144)and National Key Technologies R & D
文摘Western Liaoning Province is characterized by huge areas of lowly-efficient Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) pure plantations. How to transform these plantations has become an increasingly significant management problem. In this study, the authors summarized the approaches, which are based on close-to-nature silvicultural system, to transform the pure pine plantations. Native broadleaved trees were planted in three methods: 1) after strip clearcutting, 2) after patch clearcutting; 3) on the open forestland and the forest edge. The transformation targets and the selection of tree species were expatiated in this paper. The key techniques and their application conditions for each method were analyzed and discussed. Through investigation and contrastive analysis, the assessment was made to the stands transformed by strip method. Results showed that the mixed stands at 16 years after transformation had an obvious layered structure and the species richness of understorey vegetation increased by 23.5%–52.9%. Soil enzyme activities of urease, phosphatase and sucrase increased by 6%–142%, 46%–99% and 31%–200%, respetively. Moreover, the transformed stands could effectively control the occurrence of pine caterpillars in plantations. Consequently the transformations enhanced the function of soil and water conservation. Keywords Pinus tabulaeformis - Monoculture - Transformation - Principles and methods - Assessment CLC number S791.254 - S727.22 Document code A Foundation item: This research was supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX3-SW-418), National Natural Science Foundation of China (30100144), and National Key Technologies R & D Program of China (96-007-01-06).Biography: ZENG De-hui (1965-), male, Ph.D. professor in the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. ChinaResponsible editor: Zhu Hong
文摘The modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared from the C9petroleum resin was modified with maleic anhydride.The effects of maleic rosin and maleic anhydride addition level,the modification time and the alkali liquor on the properties of the emulsion were discussed.The results showed that the optimum process conditions covered:a maleic anhydride mass fraction of 1.5%,a maleic rosin mass fraction of 10%,a KOH mass fraction of 1%,a petroleum resin modification temperature of 200℃,a petroleum resin modification duration of 3 h,and a modified petroleum resin emulsion/wax emulsion mixing ratio of 1:1.The particle size of modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared under these conditions was equal to 104.166μm.
