Petrochemicals play a vital role in the economy of any nation. The products of the industry are the building blocks in many industries as they deepen the forward and backward linkages of the petroleum sector with the ...Petrochemicals play a vital role in the economy of any nation. The products of the industry are the building blocks in many industries as they deepen the forward and backward linkages of the petroleum sector with the rest of the economy. The industry uses a variety of hydrocarbon feedstock such as different cuts of naphtha from refinery and natural gas. One of the problems facing the industry is lack of reliable feedstock supplies. Nigeria has the potential to be a major petrochemicals producer. With proven gas reserves currently estimated at 187 tcf, not much has been accomplished with respect to the effective exploitation and utilization of this resource as most of the nation＇s natural gas production has been flared, liquefied for export or re-injected to enhance greater crude oil recovery. It has become imperative to further find ways to exploit and utilize the nation＇s natural gas reserves and translate it to the improvement of the nation＇s economy. Steam reforming of natural gas is one of the avenues for conversion of natural gas to petrochemicals. This paper, however, reviews various ways of utilizing natural gas, examines the process details of steam reforming of natural gas as a route to optimized natural gas utilization and industrialization in Nigeria. Syngas （synthesis gas） is a versatile feedstock for most petrochemicals and chemical intermediates. Thus utilizing natural gas in this way would strengthen the petrochemical industry making it possible for the country to change from raw materials to value-added products supplier, boost the economy and solve the ＂hydra-headed＂ problem of unemployment in Nigeria with its multiplier employment effect.展开更多
Chinese economy has turned from rapid development into new normal. With economic transition, demand for oil and gas decreases as well. Consumed diesel-gasoline ratio keeps declining, and diesel export increases consid...Chinese economy has turned from rapid development into new normal. With economic transition, demand for oil and gas decreases as well. Consumed diesel-gasoline ratio keeps declining, and diesel export increases considerably. Gas demand grows at medium speed, and supply meets demand in general. Alternative energy dominated by gas and electricity will develop faster. As crude oil import right is gradually liberalized, domestic oil market structure will be changed. Oil price drop brings the best opportunity for oil and gas market reform, and environmental protection becomes main force boosting natural gas development.展开更多
Driven by a demand for better fuel economy and increasingly stringent emissions regulations over a wide range of customers and applications,engine manufacturers have turned towards engine downsizing as the most potent...Driven by a demand for better fuel economy and increasingly stringent emissions regulations over a wide range of customers and applications,engine manufacturers have turned towards engine downsizing as the most potent enabler to meet these requirements.With boosting systems becoming ever more numerous as the technical solutions to complex boosting requirements of the internal combustion engine increase,it is time for an overview of available and under development boosting technologies and systems and for a discussion of their relevance to downsizing efforts.The presented analysis shows that there are no standard solutions for all the different applications as the trends indicate a rising complexity to meet with the extreme boosting requirements predicted for the remainder of the decade.These trends include variable geometry,a shift from single to two(or more)stages,extensive actuation for bypassing exhaust flows,exhaust flow regulation and pulsating exhaust energy recovery, severe electrification and an extensive effort downstream from the turbine to capture waste heat after the principal turbo- charger/supercharger system.展开更多
文摘Petrochemicals play a vital role in the economy of any nation. The products of the industry are the building blocks in many industries as they deepen the forward and backward linkages of the petroleum sector with the rest of the economy. The industry uses a variety of hydrocarbon feedstock such as different cuts of naphtha from refinery and natural gas. One of the problems facing the industry is lack of reliable feedstock supplies. Nigeria has the potential to be a major petrochemicals producer. With proven gas reserves currently estimated at 187 tcf, not much has been accomplished with respect to the effective exploitation and utilization of this resource as most of the nation＇s natural gas production has been flared, liquefied for export or re-injected to enhance greater crude oil recovery. It has become imperative to further find ways to exploit and utilize the nation＇s natural gas reserves and translate it to the improvement of the nation＇s economy. Steam reforming of natural gas is one of the avenues for conversion of natural gas to petrochemicals. This paper, however, reviews various ways of utilizing natural gas, examines the process details of steam reforming of natural gas as a route to optimized natural gas utilization and industrialization in Nigeria. Syngas （synthesis gas） is a versatile feedstock for most petrochemicals and chemical intermediates. Thus utilizing natural gas in this way would strengthen the petrochemical industry making it possible for the country to change from raw materials to value-added products supplier, boost the economy and solve the ＂hydra-headed＂ problem of unemployment in Nigeria with its multiplier employment effect.
文摘Chinese economy has turned from rapid development into new normal. With economic transition, demand for oil and gas decreases as well. Consumed diesel-gasoline ratio keeps declining, and diesel export increases considerably. Gas demand grows at medium speed, and supply meets demand in general. Alternative energy dominated by gas and electricity will develop faster. As crude oil import right is gradually liberalized, domestic oil market structure will be changed. Oil price drop brings the best opportunity for oil and gas market reform, and environmental protection becomes main force boosting natural gas development.
文摘Driven by a demand for better fuel economy and increasingly stringent emissions regulations over a wide range of customers and applications,engine manufacturers have turned towards engine downsizing as the most potent enabler to meet these requirements.With boosting systems becoming ever more numerous as the technical solutions to complex boosting requirements of the internal combustion engine increase,it is time for an overview of available and under development boosting technologies and systems and for a discussion of their relevance to downsizing efforts.The presented analysis shows that there are no standard solutions for all the different applications as the trends indicate a rising complexity to meet with the extreme boosting requirements predicted for the remainder of the decade.These trends include variable geometry,a shift from single to two(or more)stages,extensive actuation for bypassing exhaust flows,exhaust flow regulation and pulsating exhaust energy recovery, severe electrification and an extensive effort downstream from the turbine to capture waste heat after the principal turbo- charger/supercharger system.
