三相分离离心机系统在油泥水处理中的应用

为实现钻井油泥水的油泥减量化、资源再利用的目标．利用三相离心机系统对油泥水进行分离。现场应用表明，在三相离心机的转速为2250r／min，分离因素为1400，相对差速为12～16r／min．物料温度为60～70℃，进料浓度控制在4％～6％的情况下，可实现出油端含油量控制在99％以上的最佳回收状态。分离后的水可作为中水循环使用．分离后的油可作为资源再利用。

大孔道高渗层开采后期封堵技术

大庆油田喇嘛甸区块储层大多为高渗透油层,随着注采的深入,陆续变化为大孔道高渗层,这类油层在钻井中易造成钻井井漏、钻井液滤液伤害储层,采油过程中易出现低效循环或无效循环等问题。为解决井漏和钻井液伤害储层问题,研制了以成膜聚合物、可降解颗粒和天然纤维为主要成分的锁孔成膜封堵剂,通过锁孔成膜封堵剂的室内加量优选实验、性能配伍实验,得到了锁孔成膜封堵剂在钻井液中的加量为2%~3%,确定了钻井液配方为:2%膨润土+0.5%HX-D阳离子聚合物抑制剂+1%阳离子黏土稳定剂NW-1+1.5%井壁稳定剂FRJ-Ⅱ+0.5%HPAN+1%改性沥青+0.2%氢氧化钾+2%~3%锁孔成膜封堵剂,形成了钻井过程中的锁孔成膜防漏封堵技术,现场应用过程中防漏成功率提高了9.3%,钻井液侵入带平均厚度由原来的29 mm降至5 mm,有效保护了储层。为解决采油过程中低效循环或无效循环问题,研制开发了以油泥砂为主剂的一种堵水调剖剂,通过堵水调剖封堵物强化时间与最终强度实验,确定了堵水调剖悬浮液中油泥砂与胶结剂的比例为20∶1、胶结剂的质量分数为5%,设计了现场堵水调剖技术方案以及应用要点和注意事项,在现场试验4口井,含水最大降幅为7.0%,累计增油837 t。该封堵技术有效解决了大孔道高渗层开采后期钻采过程中出现的上述各种问题,为大孔道高渗层后期的顺利钻采提供了技术保障。

Bioflocculant Produced by Klebsiella sp. MYC and Its Appli-cation in the Treatment of Oil-field Produced Water

Seventy-nine strains of bioflocculant-producing bacteria were isolated from 3 activated sludge samples. Among them, strain MYC was found to have the highest and stable flocculating rate for both kaolin clay suspension and oil-field produced water. The bacterial strain was identified as Klebsiella sp. MYC according to its morphological and biochemical characteristics and 16SrDNA sequence. The optimal medium for bioflocculant production by this bacterial strain was composed of cane sugar 20 g L^-1, KH2PO4 2 g L^-1, K2HPO4 5 g L^- 1, （ NH4）2SO4 0.2 g L^-1, urea 0.5 g L^- 1 and yeast extract 0.5 g L^- 1, the initial pH being 5.5. When the suspension of kaolin clay was treated with0.5% of Klebsiella sp. MYC culture broth, the flocculating rate reached more than 90.0% in the presence of 500mg L^-1 CaCI2, while the flocculating rate for oil-field produced water was near 80.0% in a pH range of 7.0 - 9.0 with the separation of oil and suspended particles from the oil-field produced water under similar conditions. The environment-friendly nature of the bioflocculant and high flocculating rate of the strain make the bioflocculant produced by Klebsiella sp. MYC an attractive bioflocculant in oil-field produced water treatment.

Cementing Properties of Oil Shale Ash

The oil crisis has prompted renewed interest in direct burning of oil shale as an alternative energy source. A major problem in this process is the large portion of ash produced. The cementing properties of this ash were investi-gated to determine its applicability as a building material. By means of XRD,IR,NMR and ICP,we have studied the effects of burning temperature on the reactivity of ash. Maximum reactivity was obtained with ash samples produced at 700℃ to 900℃. In this range,the strength of oil-shale-based material,with properties similar to cement,which is composed of oil shale and several other kinds of solid wastes,can achieve the standard of 42.5^# cement. Our study has provided an experimental foundation and theoretical base for a massive utilization of oil shale.

Technological Feasibility of Biodiesel Production from Bioaugmented Hydrolysate of Waste Sludge in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant

The hydrolysate of waste sludge was used as the feedstock of biodiesel production,and its technological feasibility was investigated.Waste sludge,collected from No.3 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant of Xi’an,was hydrolyzed in two parallel reactors firstly.Yeast was added into one reactor for bioaugmentation,and the other reactor without yeast was used as a control.Then an acid-catalyzed in situ esterification process was carried out to convert the hydrolysate to biodiesel.The results of hydrolysis showed that the reactor bioaugmented with yeast could promote hydrolysis compared with the control one because of an obvious variance in total suspended solid(TSS),volatile suspended solid(VSS)and soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD).Furthermore,gas chromatography(GC)analysis exhibited that the total volatile fatty acid(VFA)was low in the hydrolysate of bioaugmentation reactor;however,its yield of the fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs)by in situ esterification was obviously higher when compared with the control one.Therefore,it may be inferred that the hydrolysate of bioaugmentation was mainly inclined to longer-chain fatty acid rather than to VFA.Anyway,an FAMEs yield of 9.24%(wt%)from dried sludge was attained after the 12-d bioaugmentation hydrolysis and succedent esterification.This value was not only higher than that of the control one but also higher than that reported in previous literature.The above results illuminated that it was feasible to produce biodiesel from the bioaugmented hydrolysate of waste sludge.

Effect of wastewater treatment processes on the pyrolysis properties of the pyrolysis tars from sewage sludges

The pyrolysis properties of five different pyrolysis tars, which the tars from 1# to 5# are obtained by pyrolyzing the sewage sludges of anaerobic digestion and indigestion from the A2/O wastewater treatment process, those from the activated sludge process and the indigested sludge from the continuous SBR process respectively, were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere. The results show that the pyrolysis processes of the pyrolysis tars of 1#, 2#, 3# and 5# all can be divided into four stages: the stages of light organic compounds releasing, heavy polar organic compounds decomposition, heavy organic compounds decomposition and the residual organic compounds decomposition. However, the process of 4# pyrolysis tar is only divided into three stages: the stages of light organic compounds releasing, decomposition of heavy polar organic compounds and the residual heavy organic compounds respectively. Both the sludge anaerobic digestion and the "anaerobic" process in wastewater treatment processes make the content of light organic compounds in tars decrease, but make that of heavy organic compounds with complex structure increase. Besides, both make the pyrolysis properties of the tars become worse. The pyrolysis reaction mechanisms of the five pyrolysis tars have been studied with Coats-Redfern equation. It shows that there are the same mechanism functions in the first stage for the five tars and in the second and third stage for the tars of 1#, 2#, 3# and 5#, which is different with the function in the second stage for 4# tar. The five tars are easy to volatile.

Biotreatment of oily wastewater by rhamnolipids in aerated active sludge system

Oily wastewater generated by various industries creates a major ecological problem throughout the world. The tra- ditional methods for the oily wastewater treatment are inefficient and costly. Surfactants can promote the biodegradation of pe- troleum hydrocarbons by dispersing oil into aqueous environment. In the present study, we applied rhamnolipid-containing cell-free culture broth to enhance the biodegradation of crude oil and lubricating oil in a conventional aerobically-activated sludge system. At 20 ℃, rhamnolipids （11.2 mg/L） increased the removal efficiency of crude oil from 17.7% （in the absence of rham- nolipids） to 63%. At 25 ~C, the removal efficiency of crude oil was over 80% with the presence of rhamnolipids compared with 22.3% in the absence of rhamnolipids. Similarly, rhamnolipid treatment （22.5 mg/L） for 24 h at 20℃ significantly increased the removal rate of lubricating oil to 92% compared with 24% in the absence of rhamnolipids. The enhanced removal of hydrocarbons was mainly attributed to the improved solubility and the reduced interfacial tension by rhamnolipids. We conclude that a direct application of the crude rhamnolipid solution from cell culture is effective and economic in removing oily contaminants from wastewater.