220t／h燃油锅炉掺烧油焦后炉内流场的冷态模拟研究

本文对一台２２０ｔ／ｈ燃油锅炉掺烧油焦后的炉膛内三维流场进行了冷模实验和数值模拟，以预测由于掺烧而对锅炉进行改造的炉膛内流场的空气动力特性。

利用热重法研究减压渣油、延迟焦及其混合物的燃烧反应特性

利用热重技术对三种延迟石油焦、三种减压渣油及其混合物的燃烧反应特性进行了考察。实验发现 ,延迟焦为典型的燃烧反应曲线 ,并且不同延迟焦的反应性差别很小。减压渣油则表现出三个主要氧化燃烧反应区 ,不同减压渣油在三个反应区温度的差别不同 ,在低温反应区的温度差别较大 ,而在高温反应区温度几乎相同 ;并且不同减压渣油在各个反应区均有自己的特征反应速率。油焦混合物的燃烧反应曲线与减压渣油非常相似 ,但由于石油焦的加入对低温氧化反应物质反应性的影响而使混合物与减压渣油在两个较低温度反应区有明显的差异。通过对燃烧参数的比较发现石油焦浓度为 40W %的混合物的燃烧温度比减压渣油升高约 30～ 5 0℃ ,而比延迟焦降低约 90℃。

焦谷氨酸油醇酯作为经皮渗透促进剂及其促渗机理

目的 研究焦谷氨酸油醇酯作为经皮渗透促进剂 ,试验其促渗活性和促渗机理。方法 考察焦谷氨酸油醇酯、油醇和油酸对咖啡因、替硝唑和醋酸可的松经皮渗透促渗效果 ;通过衰减全反射 傅立叶变换红外光谱 (ATR FTIR)法分析焦谷氨酸油醇酯的促渗机理。结果 焦谷氨酸油醇酯使 3种不同类型药物经皮渗透的累积渗透量有明显提高 ,增渗倍数分别为 7 9,41 8和 2 8。作用后的人体皮肤ATR FTIR谱图上 2 80 0～ 2 950cm-1 和酰胺I吸收峰随角质层的逐步剥离出现不同的位移变化。结论 焦谷氨酸油醇酯对药物有较好的促渗效果 ,其促渗机理除了使角质层中的脂质变得无序外可能还使角质蛋白的二级结构发生改变。

焦谷氨酸油醇酯促进药物经皮吸收活性的研究及其合成

用谷氨酸和油醇合成焦谷氨酸油醇酯。在该化合物作用下替硝唑、咖啡因和醋酸可的松经皮渗透分别增大了4 1.8、9.1和 2 .9倍。

针状焦的微结构特征——关于针焦品质评价的新观点

本文从结构化学的观点出发,在分析了石油焦不同组织形态的生成来源及其和微观层次结构的联系的基础上,提出了石油焦结构形态的新分类法。用光学显微镜、X光衍射、比重和焦粒外形长宽比等方法实测了几个国产试验针状焦的各个层次的结构参数,论证了它们之间的联系。在此基础上提出了评价针状焦品质的实验室新方法。

催化裂化装置结焦原因分析及对策

1催化裂化装置内结焦的形成过程催化裂化装置内结焦,主要是原料油中多环芳烃通过热聚合反应的结果。结焦形成的过程见图1。2反再系统结焦的原因2.1提升管进料喷嘴处装置提升管内喷嘴上方的内部管壁上经常出现结焦,严重时结焦造成提升管内径变细,影响催化剂循环量。提升管喷嘴上部结焦一般分布在喷嘴正上方,成环状附着在提升管内壁上。一般焦块外面为油焦、内部为硬质焦,有时分层。

介绍页岩油精制新法——加碱精制

抚顺的页岩油是我国今日主要石油来源之一。但由页岩油所制得的石油产品的成分,和天然石油产品不尽相同。以抚顺页岩原油为例,牠含有大量氮化物,约15—20%,包括吡啶族、吡咯族、腈、喹啉族等;大量氧化物约10%,包括酚类、脂酸类等;和大量硫化物约3—4%,包括噻吩类、硫醇类等。由于此等杂质的存在,页岩油有特殊的恶臭,经过酸碱洗涤,可除去吡啶、喹啉类、酚类等,但同时洗涤损失甚大;且吡咯、腈、噻吩等成分,并不能除去,遂使页岩油成品仍带恶臭。由于吡咯等成分的存在,页岩油成品很不稳定,易氧化生胶质。

SO_2 emission characteristics from co-firing of petroleum coke and coal in circulating fluidized bed

Combustion and sulfur retention experiments of mixed fuel of petroleum cokeand coal were conducted on a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor with the thermalinput of 0. 6 MW. The effects of several parameters, such as the primary air percentage, excess aircoefficient, bed temperature, Ca/S molar ratio and mass ratio of petroleum coke to coal on SO_2emission were verified. Experimental results show that when the ratio of petroleum coke to coal inthe mixed fuel increases, the SO_2emission increases. The maximum SO_2 emission appears when purecoke burns. The SO_2 concentration in flue gas reduces with the increase in the primary airpercentage, excess air coefficient and Ca/S molar ratio for all kinds of fuel mixtures. Therangebetween 830 t and 850 t is the optimal temperature for sulfur retention during co-firing ofpetroleum coke and coal with the mass ratio R of 1 and 3 in CFB.

碳化硅、硅铁—黑河地区外向型工业的希望

碳化硅和硅铁具有硬度大、耐高温、抗腐蚀和导电,传热等一系列特点,在现代工业中广泛用作研磨工具、耐火制品及炼钢脱氧剂材料,是国际市场上走俏商品。进入1988年以来,国际市场对碳化硅和硅铁的需求量更呈现上升的趋势。自1988年2月2日起,《国际经贸消息》连续披露:“日本硅铁吨价可能涨破800美元”。

拖拉机冬季抱轴的预防

拖拉机冬季抱轴的预防冬季由于天气寒冷，露天停放机车，油底壳内的机油容易凝结。光靠向冷却系中加热水，不能解决问题。即使发动机能发动着火，但因机油粘度过大．也会造成抱轴事故。另外，柴油机长时间低温低速运转也易造成抱轴事故。为预防抱轴事故，应做到：１．发动...

Effect of coke properties and its blending recipe on performances of carbon anode for aluminium electrolysis

The properties and blending recipe of petroleum cokes used to make high quality carbon anodes for aluminium electrolysis were studied. Three kinds of green cokes were selected for bench scale study to illustrate the effects of cokes properties and its blending recipe on anode performances. The results show that impurities derived mainly fi＇om cokes remarkably affect the CO2 reactivity and air reactivity of carbon anodes. Ca, Na and V can increase CO2 reactivity of calcined cokes but S has the contrary effect, and the cokes of high V level generally present high air reactivity. The anodes with good quality can be made by properly selecting and scientifically blending of cokes, some poor quality cokes can also be used to produce high quality anodes with a reasonable blending recipe. Na contaminated anodes have high CO2 reactivity and air reactivity, so the recycled anode butts should be well cleaned to reduce Na content before being introduced into anode production, which is especially important to the low S cokes.

Effect of heat treatment on structure and gasification reactivity of petroleum coke

Petroleum coke was thermally treated on a fixed bed reactor in a temperature range of 1173-1673 K. The changes of the elemental composition and crystalline structure of petroleum coke, with heat treatments as well as the gasification reactivity of the heat-treated petroleum cokes were investigated. The results showed that the petroleum coke was carbonized and grapbitized to a higher degree with increasing heating temperature, while the gasification reactivity decreased. The treatment at temperatures of 1173 and 1473 K significantly enlarged the specific surface area and the pore volume of petroleum coke. Both the specific surface area and the pore volume decreased at 1673 K. An empirical normal distribution function model （NDFM） was found to fit the gasification rates of petroleum coke well. The correlation coefficient of petroleum coke by normal distribution function model at different heat treatment temperatures is between 0.93 and 0.95.

Pretreatment of Coal Gasification Wastewater by Acidification Demulsion

General pretreatment processes of ammonia stripping and phenols solvent extraction can reduce the concentration of toxic compounds of the coal gasification wastewater for the following biological treatment. However, some emulsified coal tar still exists in the influent and many substances in coal tar are refractory and toxic to microorganisms. This study is mainly on the removal of emulsified coal tar by acidification demulsion. The experimental results show that the acidification process of the wastewater by pure hydrochloric acid can reduce the chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total organic carbon （TOC）, total phenolics and oil about 3.1%-11.3%, 6%-- 10.8%, 5.3%--8.6% and 25.2%--57.4% respectively with pH value in the range of 4 to 7. The analysis of molecular weight distribution indicates that compounds removed from the wastewater by this process are large molecular substances. The experiment also shows that the efficiency of COD removal in the demulsion process by different acids is different and the phosphoric acid is prominent. The preserved time of the wastewater also affects the efficiency of demulsion. Small amount low-cost solid additives including kaolin and diatomite can improve the rate of coal tar sedimentation and enhance the removal efficiency of organics in the phosphoric acidification process.

Structural Characteristics of Mesophase Spheres Prepared from Coal Tar Pitch Modified by Phenolic Resin

Mesocarbon microbeads （MCMB） were prepared from coal tar pitch modified by phenolic resin and from the same pitch modified by phenolic resin and hexamethylenetetramine at 440℃ for lh. By investigating the morphology of mesophase spheres and the structure of the MCMB carbonized at 1000℃ for lh using scanning electron microscope （SEM） and XRD, it was found that phenolic resin accelerated the formation and coalescence of mesophase spheres. Some of the obtained MCMB were hi- or tri-spheres with the distorted microtextural carbon layers. Hexamethylenetetramine in the pitch modified by phenolic resin accelerated the condensation of phenolic resin and consequently expedited the combination of mesophase spheres, which was proved by the formation of some tetra-spheres. Owing to the cross-linkage of the additives, MCMB with complex structure were obtained.

Fluidized-bed pyrolysis of waste bamboo

Bamboo was a popular material substituting for wood, especially for one-off commodity in China. In order to recover energy and materials from waste bamboo, the basic characteristics of bamboo pyrolysis were studied by a thermogravimetric analyzer. It implied that the reaction began at 190-210℃, and the percentage of solid product deceased from about 25% to 17% when temperature ranged from 400℃ to 700℃. A lab-scale fluidized-bed furnace was setup to research the detailed properties of gaseous, liquid and solid products respectively. When temperature increased from 400℃ to 700℃, the mass percent of solid product decreased from 27% to 17% approximately, while that of syngas rose up from 19% to 35%. When temperature was about 500℃, the percentage of tar reached the top, about 31%. The mass balance of these experiments was about 93%-95%. It indicated that three reactions involved in the process： pyrolysis of exterior bamboo, pyrolysis of interior bamboo and secondary pyrolysis of heavy tar.

Comparison of steam-gasification characteristics of coal char and petroleum coke char in drop tube furnace

The steam-gasification reaction characteristics of coal and petroleum coke （PC） were studied in the drop tube furnace （DTF）. The effects of various factors such as types of carbonaceous material, gasification temperature （1100- 1400 ℃） and mass ratio of steam to char （0.4：1, 0.6：1 and 1：1 separately） on gasification gas or solid products were investigated. The results showed that for all carbonaceous materials studied, H2 content exhibited the largest part of gasification gaseous products and CH4 had the smallest part. For the two petroleum cokes, CO2 content was higher than CO, which was similar to Zun-yi char. When the steam/char ratio was constant, the carbon con- version of both Shen-fu and PC chars increased with increasing temperature. When the gasification temperature was constant, the carbon conversions of all char samples increased with increasing steam/char ratio. For all the steam/char ratios, compared to water gas shift reaction, char-H2O and char-CO2 reaction were further from the thermodynamic equilibrium due to a much lower char gasification rate than that of water gas shift reaction rate. Therefore, kinetic effects may play a more important role in a char gasification step than thermodynamic effects when the gasification reaction of char was held in DTF, The calculating method for the equilibrium shift in this study will be a worth reference for analysis of the gaseous components in industrial gasifier. The reactivity of residual cokes decreased and the crystal layer （L002/d002） numbers of residual cokes increased with increasing gasification temperature. Therefore, L002/d002, the carbon crystallite structure parameter, can be used to evaluate the reactivity of residual cokes.

Feasibility of Combustion of Petroleum Coke in 230t/h Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler

In order to reuse the high sulfur petroleum coke, the waste in chemical industry, as fuel of power plant for energy recovery, the combustion property of petroleum coke was researched experimentally in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. The performance of the boiler in burning mixed fuel with different ratios of coal to petroleum coke is obtained. Based on the experimental data, Factors influencing the stability of combustion,thermal efficiency of boiler, and emissions and desulphurisation are discussed. This study demonstrates that the combustion of petroleum coke in CFB boiler is applicable, and has great significance on the design and operation of CFB boiler to burn petroleum coke.

Effects of Cigarette Auxiliary Material Parameters on Release Amounts of Tar, CO and Free Radicals in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of cigarette auxiliary material parameters on release amounts of tar, CO and free radicals in cigarette mainstream smoke. [Method] The effects of cigarette paper air-permeability, cigarette paper gram weight, filter rod pressure drop and filter tip ventilating strength parameters on the release amounts of tar, CO and free radicals in cigarette mainstream smoke were investigated by single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. [Result] The cigarette paper air-permeability, filter rod pressure drop and filter tip ventilating strength showed significantly negative correlation with the release amounts of tar, CO and free radicals in cigarette mainstream smoke, to be specific, the cigarette paper air-permeability showed the greatest effect on the release amounts of tar and CO, filter tip ventilating strength showed the greatest effect on the release amounts of gaseous-phase free radicals and particulate-phase free radicals, while cigarette paper gram weight showed relatively slight effect on the release amounts of tar, CO and free radicals. Within the orthogonal experimental range, the optimal program is identified as cigarette paper airpermeability of 70 CU, filter rod pressure drop of 4500 Pa/unit, and filter tip ventilating strength of 60 CU. Compared to the results without optimization, the release amounts of tar, CO and free radicals after optimization were all reduced. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for the research of cigarette tar reduction and harm reduction.