两相水驱油低阶模型计算方法研究

将最佳正交分解技术运用到两相水驱油低阶模型中,建立油水两相的水驱油低阶模型。用IMPES的数值算法得到一维水驱油的油水两相压力和油、水饱和度数值场。通过对压力及饱和度样本数据实施最佳正交分解,得到该问题的POD基函数。POD基函数具有能量最优的特性,即在重构公式中使用较小的截断自由度可将原问题的主要特征解准确地表示出来。通过结果的対比基于POD的低阶模型可以快速、准确地计算出ー维两相油藏模型的压力及油、水饱和度场,计算时间较之直接求解方法提高将近60倍。

特低渗透油藏CO_2非混相驱极限井距计算方法

极限井距计算方法对于特低渗透油藏确定合理井网密度具有重要意义。考虑CO_2对原油的降黏作用及油相启动压力梯度的变化,建立了一维两相渗流数学模型,并应用特征线法、试算法和迭代法进行求解,推导出特低渗透油藏CO_2非混相驱极限井距计算方法。同时开发了极限井距计算软件进行井距实例计算,绘制了理论图版。结果表明:CO_2对于原油的降黏作用可达到60%以上,油相黏度自注气端至采出端逐渐增大;生产压差为10~20 MPa,注气速度分别为10、15、20、25、30 t/d的极限井距均比未考虑油相黏度及油相启动压力梯度变化的极限井距大;极限井距随生产压差增大而增大,随注气速度、地层原油黏度、CO_2黏度增大而减小;生产压差相同时,注采两端压力越大,极限井距越大,油相黏度及油相启动压力梯度的下降幅度越大。

CO_(2)驱油技术的机理与展望

CO_(2)驱油技术是指把CO_(2)注入地层,利用CO_(2)自身特性驱替原油到采油井的工艺。文章分析了CO_(2)驱油机理,总结了CO_(2)注入方式的优缺点、提高采收率的基本原理、设备防腐的措施、降低最小混相压力的方法,指出了CO_(2)驱油技术面临的设备腐蚀严重、难以混相等问题及今后发展的方向。

疏水暂堵剂HTPA-1的研制及其性能评价

根据疏水暂堵理论研制出性能优良的疏水暂堵剂HTPA-1。采用光散射、SEM、吸附量测试等方法考察了HTPA-1的粒径分布、形貌、接触角、油分散性、增黏效应和表面吸附性等性质,结果表明,HTPA-1接触角81°~165°,具有较强的疏水性,油分散性较好;粒径分布在900 nm左右,具有一定的增黏效应;具有一定的降低表面张力的能力,最低能降至40 m N/m。在无黏土、聚磺、无固相等现场钻井液中加入HTPA-1,油相突破压力降低70%以上,水相突破压力增加2倍以上,从而起到限水通油的作用。

Air flow patterns and noise analysis inside high speed angular contact ball bearings

The vortex formed around the rolling ball and the high pressure region formed around the ball-raceway contact zone are the principle factors that barricades the lubricant entering the bearing cavity, and further causes improper lubrication. The investigation of the air phase flow inside the bearing cavity is essential for the optimization of the oil-air two-phase lubrication method. With the revolutionary reference frame describing the bearing motion, a highly precise air phase flow model inside the angular contact ball bearing cavity was build up. Comprehensive factors such as bearing revolution, ball rotation, and cage structure were considered to investigate the influences on the air phase flow and heat transfer efficiency. The aerodynamic noise was also analyzed. The result shows that the ball spinning leads to the pressure rise and uneven pressure distribution. The air phase velocity, pressure and cage heat transfer efficiency increase as the revolving speed increases. The operating noise is largely due to the impact of the high speed external flow on the bearing. When the center of the oil-air outlet fixes near the inner ring, the aerodynamic noise is reduced. The position near the inner ring on the bigger axial side is the ideal position to fix the lubricating device for the angular contact ball bearing.

Effect of Corrosion on the Ship Hull of a Double Hull Very Large Crude Oil Carrier

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of corrosion wastage on the ship hull of a double hull very large crude oil carrier. To calculate the ultimate bending moment capacity, along with the neutral axis position at the limit state, section modulus, and moment of inertia, the incremental-iterative method is employed. This paper also considered the residual strength checking criteria of ship hull and the ultimate stress behaviors of the representative structural elements. Then, Paik's probabilistic corrosion, which employs two levels of corrosion rate and three different assumptions of coating life time, is applied to assess the corrosion effects. The calculation results obtained through relevant analyses are also presented.

Pressure Buildup Analysis Using Type Curves for a Well in a Pressure-Maintained System

The development and application of a new solution is demonstrated for the type-curve analysis and in-terpretation of well test data from a multiwell reservoir system of both production and injection wells with two-phase flow. The buildup type curves or buildup behavior could be obtained through the solution by using su-perposition. But a new outer boundary condition for variable pressure boundary must be introduced to obtain the correct pressure buildup solutions by superposition. A technique is shown to determine the deviation time from the infinite-acting semilog radial flow stabilization in the derivatives of pressure, which is calculated with respect to and plotted vs. shut-in time. Field examples are given to illustrate the use of the proposed method for analyzing transient pressure data from a well located in a multi-well water-injection reservoir. An adaptive genetic algorithm-based method is used to match the pressure and pressure derivative data to estimate reservoir parameters. The validity and applicability of the proposed method are also demonstrated through the examples.

Kinetic and Phase Behaviors of Catalytic Cracking Dry Gas Hydrate in Water-in-Oil Emulsion

The systematic experimental studies were performed on the hydrate formation kinetics and gas-hydrate equilibrium for a simulated catalytic cracking gas in the water-in-oil emulsion. The effect of temperature, pressure and initial gas-liquid ratio on the hydrate formation was studied, respectively. The data were obtained at pressures ranging from 3.5 to 5 MPa and temperatur.es from 274.15 to 277.15 K. The results showed that hydrogen and methane can be separated Irom the （~2＋ ti＇action by tOrming hydrate at around 273.15 K which is much higher temperature than that of the cryogenic separation method, and the hydrate formation rate can be enhanced in the wa- ter-in-oil emulsion compared to pure water. The experiments provided the basic data for designing the industrial process, and setting the suitable operational conditions. The measured data ot gas-hydrate equilibria were compared with the predictions by using the Chen-Guo hydrate thermodynamic model.

Fiber Laser Sensor Based on a Phase-Shifted Chirped Grating for Acoustic Sensing of Partial Discharges

Acoustic emission monitoring is often used in the diagnosis of electrical and mechanical incipient faults in the high voltage apparatus. Partial discharges are a major source of insulation failure in electric power transformers, and the differentiation from other sources of acoustic emission is of the utmost importance. This paper reports the development of a new sensor concept - a fiber laser sensor based on a phase-shifted chirped fiber grating - for the acoustic emission detection of incipient faults in oil-filled power transformers. These sensors can be placed in the inner surface of the transformer tank wall, not affecting the insulation integrity of the structure and improving fault detection and location. The performance of the sensing head is characterized and compared for different surrounding media： air, water, and oil. The results obtained indicate the feasibility of this sensing approach for the industrial development of practical solutions.