利用时移地震资料划分油藏流体流动单元的可行性分析

油田开发过程中,油层内部流体渗流所引起的含油饱和度、流体压力变化以及原油脱气均可导致时移地震资料的差异振幅.时移地震资料可以揭示油层内部渗流的影响,为划分油藏流体流动单元提供依据,根据差异振幅的幅度及范围可以确定流动单元的品质及范围,并且油层内部的渗流影响发生在同一流动单元之内.本文从理论上分析并证明了该方法的可行性.

多层合采油藏分层测试新方法可行性分析

实时井下温度和压力传感器目前已经成为国外许多陆上和海上油田智能完井的必要组成部分,成为进行动态油藏监测的重要手段之一。针对井下传感器这一新型井下测量工具的广泛应用,提出了一种针对多层油藏分层属性测试的新方法,即应用井下温度传感器代替传统的分层测试中的流量计,用实时温度测量代替反复多次的生产测井作业。针对新提出的测试方法建立了井筒—油藏耦合的数学模型,并应用数学模型探讨了该方法的可行性。通过对不同分层伤害表皮系数和分层渗透率分布的计算和分析,发现多层油藏中井筒流体的温度主要受2大机理控制:一是各产层之间的渗透率差异,这种差异主要影响各产层间的流量分配;二是产层中由于地层伤害引起的压力梯度差异,基于焦耳—汤姆森效应,近井地带的压力梯度变化会引起明显的温度变化,这种温度变化将对确定各产层地层伤害情况起决定性作用。研究认为,井筒流体的瞬态温度变化对多层油藏的分层属性差异很敏感,该方法是具有研究可行性的,并且其对于中国陆上和海上油田采用井下温度和压力传感器及进一步进行智能井完井具有很好的推动作用。

管线–油藏耦合系统数学模型及求解算法研究

管线输运与油藏流动系统构成了一个耦合系统,为此,提出了聚驱条件下耦合求解管线流动及油藏流动的数学模型及相应的解耦算法。采用的Drift-flux模型可有效描述管线中各相流体的流动状态及过程,同时考虑了聚合物溶液对水相增黏的影响;采用广义达西定律描述油藏流动。计算过程中,两者通过交换边界条件(井筒压力、射孔段各相流量及聚合物浓度)完成该管线–油藏系统的解耦求解过程,有效解决了耦合求解收敛性较差的问题。通过商业软件验证了该数学模型的正确性。解耦计算结果表明,Drift-flux模型可有效描述管线内聚驱条件下的各相流体的流动状态及过程;解耦算法可以有效地求解管线–油藏的耦合流动过程,计算误差与耦合求解算法相比小于5%,计算速度则比耦合求解算法快1～2个数量级。

滨岸相底水油藏高含水期剩余油分布规律研究

结合某油田某油藏的岩心、地质、测井、动态、监测等资料,以小层划分与对比、储层沉积微相、储层非均质性、储层微观特征研究为基础,开展储层流动单元研究,进而通过流动单元约束建立油藏三维地质模型,并开展了基于三维地质模型的油藏数值模拟研究,得到研究区剩余油分布规律,分析了影响剩余油分布的主控因素。结果表明,流动单元和夹层的分布是某油田某油藏剩余油分布的关键因素。

水平井变密度射孔技术优化及应用

由于水平井水平段物性差异、井斜角变化、水平段内摩擦损失等因素造成水平段开发不均衡。根据渗流力学和油藏工程理论,建立了油藏渗流模型、孔眼紊流模型、水平井井筒流动模型;基于流体的不同流动状态之间边界处压力及流量相等,根据质量守恒方程,建立了油藏—水平井井筒流动耦合模型。并利用油藏—水平井井筒流动耦合模型分析了井斜角、渗透率、水平段距底水的距离、原油粘度对孔密优化的影响。结果表明,井斜角小于等于90°时,从跟端到趾端需增加孔密,井斜角大于90°时,从跟端到趾端需减小孔密;渗透率大的井段,渗流阻力小,向渗透率大的方向降低孔密;距离底水越近孔密差异越大。应用油藏—水平井井筒流动耦合模型对11口水平井进行变密度射孔优化,优化后平均单井初期产液量为32.9m3/d,产油量为29t/d,平均单井累积增油量为5246t,与2008—2009年投产的同类型相邻油藏水平井相比,平均含水率上升速度减缓,开发效果有所改善。

热采

热力采油法一般是指通过降低原油粘度来减小油藏流动阻力。热力采油法主要有热水驱、蒸汽吞吐法、蒸汽驱、火烧油层等，该方法是历来最成功的提高采收率方法。用该方法采出的原油占EOR方法的80％。

Nonlinear flow numerical simulation of low-permeability reservoir

A nonlinear flow reservoir mathematical model was established based on the flow characteristic of low-permeability reservoir.The well-grid equations were deduced and the dimensionless permeability coefficient was introduced to describe the permeability variation of nonlinear flow.The nonlinear flow numerical simulation program was compiled based on black-oil model.A quarter of five-spot well unit was simulated to study the effect of nonlinear flow on the exploitation of low-permeability reservoir.The comprehensive comparison and analysis of the simulation results of Darcy flow,quasi-linear flow and nonlinear flow were provided.The dimensionless permeability coefficient distribution was gained to describe the nonlinear flow degree.The result shows that compared with the results of Darcy flow,when considering nonlinear flow,the oil production is low,and production decline is rapid.The fluid flow in reservoir consumes more driving energy,which reduces the water flooding efficiency.Darcy flow model overstates the reservoir flow capability,and quasi-linear flow model overstates the reservoir flow resistance.The flow ability of the formation near the well and artificial fracture is strong while the flow ability of the formation far away from the main streamline is weak.The nonlinear flow area is much larger than that of quasi-linear flow during the fluid flow in low-permeability reservoir.The water propelling speed of nonlinear flow is greatly slower than that of Darcy flow in the vertical direction of artificial fracture,and the nonlinear flow should be taken into account in the well pattern arrangement of low-permeability reservoir.

Finite element simulation on percolation of low permeability reservoir with permeability anisotropy

In low permeability porous media which permeability anisotropy is ubiquitous,the percolation of fluid no longer follows linear Darcy’s Law.Oil-water two phase flow equation of low permeability reservoir with permeability anisotropy is established based on generalized Darcy’s law and starting pressure gradient,corresponding finite element program is developed and simulated based on the Finite Element Program Generator system (FEPG).The results show that energy-gathering exists in the flow event of flowing area front in low permeability reservoir.In the process of energy-gathering,the flow velocity changed little but increased rapidly as soon as the pressure gradient exceeded the starting pressure gradient of the reservoir,then gradually stabilized.The greater the starting pressure gradient is,the greater the near wellbore pressure drop is,the smaller the area influenced by the reservoir pressure changes caused by water injection and oil recovery.The greater the starting pressure gradient is,the lower the water saturation in same point of the reservoir is,the smaller the water flood swept area is.There will be more difficulties in water injection to the same extent.

Pressure Buildup Analysis for a Well in a Closed, Bounded Multiwell Reservoir

A general method has been developed for analyzing pressure buildup data from a well located in a system with both production and injection wells in a closed, bounded two-phase flow reservoir. The proposed method enables one to calculate the total mobility or permeability-thickness product, the skin factor, the average drainage-area pressure and the injection-production ratio （at the instant of shut-in） with accuracy from pressure buildup （or falloff） data dominated by a linear trend of reservoir pressure. Out of thousands of well tests, several typical field examples have been presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method for analyzing pressure transient data from a well located in a water-injection multiwell reservoir. And the possible application of this method to heterogeneous systems such as naturally fractured reservoirs is also discussed. Approaches to aid practicing engineers in verifying the buildup interpretation （or recognizing the interference of offset wells） are presented. Extension of the presented method to a gas well located in a multiwell gas reservoir is also suggested

Threshold pressure gradient of fluid flow through multi-porous media in low and extra-low permeability reservoirs

After analyzing many studies of fluid flow theory of multi-porous media in low and extra-low permeability reservoirs and the numerical simulation of non-Darcy flow, we found that a negative flow rate occurs in the existing non-Darcy flow equation, which is unreasonable. We believe that the existing equation can only be considered as a discriminant to judging Darcy flow or non-Darcy flow, and cannot be taken as a fluid flow governing equation of multi-porous media. Our analysis of the experimental results shows that the threshold pressure gradient(TPG) of low and extra-low permeability reservoirs is excessively high, and does not conform to fluid flow through multi-porous media in the actual reservoir situation. Therefore, we present a reasonable TPG ranging from 0.006 to 0.04 MPa/m at the well depth of 1500 m and oil drainage distance of 500 m. The results of our study also indicate that the non-Darcy flow phenomenon will disappear when the TPG reaches a certain value. In addition, the TPG or non-Darcy flow in low and extra-low permeability reservoirs does not need to be considered in the productivity prediction and reservoir numerical simulation. At present, the black oil model or dual-porous media is suitable for simulating low and extra-low permeability reservoirs.