Islet transplantation as a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes has received widespread attention. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in cell injury during islet isolation and transplantation procedures. Anti...Islet transplantation as a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes has received widespread attention. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in cell injury during islet isolation and transplantation procedures. Antioxidants have been used in various studies to improve islet transplantation procedures. The present study reviews the role of oxidative stress and the benefits of antioxidants in islet transplantation procedures. The bibliographical databases Pubmed and Scopus were searched up to November 2008. All relevant human and animal in-vivo and in-vitro studies, which investigated antioxidants on islets, were included. Almost all the tested antioxidants used in the in-vitro studies enhanced islet viability and insulin secretion. Better control of blood glucose after transplantation was the major outcome of antioxidant therapy in all in-vivo studies. The data also indicated that antioxidants improved islet transplantation procedures. Although there is still insuffi cient evidence to draw definitive conclusions about the efficacy of individual supplements, the benefi ts of antioxidants in islet isolation procedures cannot be ignored.展开更多
Since New Public Management theory,which seeks to promote public management reform with the techniques used to catalyze economic development,was introduced into the field of education,it has led to the implementation ...Since New Public Management theory,which seeks to promote public management reform with the techniques used to catalyze economic development,was introduced into the field of education,it has led to the implementation of education accountability measures and reforms focusing on performance-related pay for teachers.Performance-related pay was meant to improve teacher performance,and has played an important role in providing teachers with incentives and raising educational quality.In practice,however,problems have emerged that deserve serious attention.For example,the evaluation indicators based on this theory have distorted the direction of public management due to their over-emphasis on instrumental rationality and neglect of value rationality.Further,they highlight the interim goal of"instilling knowledge"at the cost of the fundamental aim of"cultivating talent,"thus producing results opposite to those intended.On the basis of the value rationality of education and China’s reality,this paper suggests that educational institutions should shift from"New Public Management"to a"holistic and decentralized governance"approach,fostering an environment dedicated to cultivating talent and introducing this feature intothe evaluation of teacher performance.The core socialist values need to be integrated into teacher policy and internalized by teachers as their emotional identity and customary behavior.展开更多
Three decades of economic growth have brought spectacular results to China, but have also increased economic in equality. Reactions to increased inequality in China, as elsewhere, have treated inequality as a patholog...Three decades of economic growth have brought spectacular results to China, but have also increased economic in equality. Reactions to increased inequality in China, as elsewhere, have treated inequality as a pathology when in fact it is more usual than equality, and possibly more functional in terms of social and individual development. The problem with inequality is not that it exists but that it may be poorly conceived, especially in public discourse, and consequently that it is inadequately managed. Inequality extends well beyond questions of income and wealth to the distribution of power, of gender and of generation. Healthy societies require more even wealth distribution but they also require a wider appreciation of different types of inequality.展开更多
文摘Islet transplantation as a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes has received widespread attention. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in cell injury during islet isolation and transplantation procedures. Antioxidants have been used in various studies to improve islet transplantation procedures. The present study reviews the role of oxidative stress and the benefits of antioxidants in islet transplantation procedures. The bibliographical databases Pubmed and Scopus were searched up to November 2008. All relevant human and animal in-vivo and in-vitro studies, which investigated antioxidants on islets, were included. Almost all the tested antioxidants used in the in-vitro studies enhanced islet viability and insulin secretion. Better control of blood glucose after transplantation was the major outcome of antioxidant therapy in all in-vivo studies. The data also indicated that antioxidants improved islet transplantation procedures. Although there is still insuffi cient evidence to draw definitive conclusions about the efficacy of individual supplements, the benefi ts of antioxidants in islet isolation procedures cannot be ignored.
基金a mid-term outcome of a 2011 Major Research Project of the Ministry of Education,headed by the author
文摘Since New Public Management theory,which seeks to promote public management reform with the techniques used to catalyze economic development,was introduced into the field of education,it has led to the implementation of education accountability measures and reforms focusing on performance-related pay for teachers.Performance-related pay was meant to improve teacher performance,and has played an important role in providing teachers with incentives and raising educational quality.In practice,however,problems have emerged that deserve serious attention.For example,the evaluation indicators based on this theory have distorted the direction of public management due to their over-emphasis on instrumental rationality and neglect of value rationality.Further,they highlight the interim goal of"instilling knowledge"at the cost of the fundamental aim of"cultivating talent,"thus producing results opposite to those intended.On the basis of the value rationality of education and China’s reality,this paper suggests that educational institutions should shift from"New Public Management"to a"holistic and decentralized governance"approach,fostering an environment dedicated to cultivating talent and introducing this feature intothe evaluation of teacher performance.The core socialist values need to be integrated into teacher policy and internalized by teachers as their emotional identity and customary behavior.
文摘Three decades of economic growth have brought spectacular results to China, but have also increased economic in equality. Reactions to increased inequality in China, as elsewhere, have treated inequality as a pathology when in fact it is more usual than equality, and possibly more functional in terms of social and individual development. The problem with inequality is not that it exists but that it may be poorly conceived, especially in public discourse, and consequently that it is inadequately managed. Inequality extends well beyond questions of income and wealth to the distribution of power, of gender and of generation. Healthy societies require more even wealth distribution but they also require a wider appreciation of different types of inequality.
