试论武田信玄的治国之道

武田信玄是日本战国时期出色的政治家,善于治理国家。天文十六年公布的《甲州法度之次第》明确规定王子犯法与庶民同罪等重要思想,在数部战国法典中,是相当杰出的一部;在治田方面,采取大小切的独特税法,对振兴农业起了非常重要的作用;不仅如此,信玄在治水、开矿等方面进行了大胆的探索,取得显著的成就,影响至今。

对践行“两山”理论打造浙江全域“山水林田湖草生命共同体”的思考

浙江省是“两山”理论的发源地,2035年要全面建成大湾区大花园大通道大都市区,高水平完成基本实现社会主义现代化的目标。对标高质量发展要求,当前水安全保障能力还不够,还需“补短板、强监管、走前列”。根据系统工程理论,山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体,协调解决水安全水资源水生态水环境等综合水问题,应坚持“系统治理”方法,统筹推进治山、治水、治林、治田、治湖、治草。按照省域大花园建设要求,实施综合治水,全域创建“美丽河湖”,打造全域山水林田湖草生命共同体,以提升水安全综合保障能力,更好地支撑全省大湾区大花园大通道大都市区建设。

瓦氏夫人学术研讨会纪要

瓦氏夫人是我国明代一位贤明而杰出的壮族女士官,海内闻名的抗倭巾帼英雄。在抗倭疆场上,曾舍生忘死,奋勇杀敌,战功显赫,威名远扬,成为我国历史上一位杰出的抗倭巾帼英雄。为了全面揭示瓦氏夫人的历史功绩及其爱国主义思想,客观评价瓦氏夫人在壮族历史上的地位以及在抗倭斗争中的作用,澄清有关的历史真相。

On the Bacteriostatic Activity of Bacillus subtilis and Pyraclostrobin as Well as Their Mixtures to Grape Anthracnose and the Field Disease Control Efficiency

[Objective] To screen out the biological compound bactericides for grape anthracnose, reduce and replace the use of chemical pesticide. [Methods] The de- termination on the indoor bacteriostatic activity of different proportions of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin to grape anthracnose was carried out, and mycelial growth rate method was adopted to determine the toxicity of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin as well as their 5 mixtures to grape anthracnose. [Results] The EC50 of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin as well as their mixture combinations of 1：1, 1：2, 1：3, 1：4 and 1：5 to grape anthracnose were respectively 1.969 8, 1.527 4, 1.373 2, 1.294 8 and 1.247 3 μg/ml; the synergistic coefficients （SR） of the 5 mix- ture combinations to grape anthracnose were 1.70, 1.25, 1.13, 1.12 and 1.12, re- spectively, in which the synergistic effect of 1：1 was the largest. The indoor biologi- cal activity of pyraclostrobin（EC50 was 1.054 0μg/ml） was higher than that of Bacil- lus subtilis（EC50 was 15.017 5 μg/ml）. 50 d after the agentia（before the harvesting）, the investigation results showed that 1 000-fold dilution, 1 500-fold dilution and 2 000- fold dilution as well as each single dosage of 20% pyraclostrobin .200×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subtili wettable powder all had better control efficiency to grape anthracnose after fruit setting and before bagging, in which the treatments of high concentration and middle concentration were higher than the treatments of low concentration and two single dosages： the highest control efficiency of high concentration was 90.03%, which was higher than all other treatments; the control efficiency of middle concen- tration was 87.01%, which was higher than that of low concentration and each sin- gle dosage; the control efficiency of low concentration was 84.11%, which was high- er than 1 000-fold dilution of 1 000×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subti/i wettable powder （the control efficiency was 64.60%） and 2 000-fold dilution of 250 g/L Bacillus subti/i wettable powder （the control efficiency was 81.07%）. In addition, each treatment al- so had better control efficiency to other cluster diseases, such as white rot, etc., and the control efficiency was almost the same as that of anthracnose. [Conclusion] It was suggested that the prevention concentration of 20% pyraclostrobin .200×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subtili wettable powder to grape anthracnose after fruit setting and before bagging was 1 000-fold - 2 000-fold dilution.

Identification of Strawberry Anthracnose Pathogens and Screening of Germicides

[Objective] This study aimed to identify strawberry anthracnose pathogens and screen appropriate germicides. [Method] Strawberry anthracnose pathogens in Jurong City of Jiangsu Province were isolated and identified. The toxicities of sever-al germicides to Col etotrichum fragariae were determined with indoor mycelial growth inhibition assay. Field control test was preformed to further verify the control efficacy of germicides. [Result] The isolated strawberry anthracnose pathogenic strains were identified as C. gloeosporioide from genus Col etotrichum of subphylum Deuteromycotina. Prochloraz, pyrazole Kresoxim and hexaconazole al exhibited good indoor control effects; 25% pyrazole Kresoxim EC2000-fold solution, 24% azoxys-trobin＆#183;hexaconazole （azoxystrobin∶hexaconazole=1∶2） SC1500-fold solution and 25%prochloraz EC1000-fold solution al exhibited significant field control efficacy. [Con-clusion] The study provides reference for the alternate use of germicides in actual production.

Control Effects of Bacillus subtilis DJ-6 and Pyraclostrobin Alone and in Combination Against Fusarium oxysporum

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen a synergistic biological fungicide complex to control Fusarium wilt, reducing the use of chemical pesticides. [Method] The inhibitory effects of Bacil us subtilis DJ-6 and pyraclostrobin alone or in combination at five ratios against Fusarium oxysporum were detected by mea-suring mycelium growth rate in laboratory tests. The growth promotion and disease control effect of combined or single use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilutions were detected in field trials. [Result] The EC50 values of combined use of B. subtilis DJ-6 and pyra-clostrobin at ratios of 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3, 1∶4 and 1∶5 against F. oxysporum were 5.311 5, 4.008 6, 3.570 6, 3.350 9 and 3.218 9 μg/ml, with the synergistic ratios （SR） of 2.28, 1.77, 1.53, 1.64, 1.11, among which the synergetic effect at 1∶1 was the best. The fungicidal activity of pyraclostrobin was greater than that of B. subtilis DJ-6 in laboratory tests. Field trials revealed that al the 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilu-tions of 20% pyraclostrobin·2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combination, 1∶1 000 dilution of 1 ×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP and 1∶2 000 dilution of 250 g/L pyra-clostrobin EC promoted the growth of strawberry by increasing plant height, leaf petiole, leaf blade area and stem diameter. Among them, the treatments with 1∶1 000 and 1∶2 000 of 20% pyraclostrobin · 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combina-tion had better effects than other treatments. The control effects of al the treat-ments were measured 30 and 80 d after fungicide application. The control effects of 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combina-tion were up to 100% and 93.11%, which were higher than those in al other treat-ments. The second highest control effects were found in the treatment with 1∶ 2 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination, they were 92.49% and 86.49%, higher than those in other treatments except the 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination. The control effects of 1∶3 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination were 82.61% and 72.42%, higher than those in treatment with 1∶1 000 dilution of 1×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP, but lower than those in treat-ment with 1∶2 000 dilution of 25% pyraclostrobin EC. [Conclusion] Al the results re-vealed that the combination use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000 to 1∶2 000 dilution had better control effect against strawberry Fusarium wilt.

Sugarcane Requirement of Water and Effect of Fertigation on Sugarcane

The sugarcane is a main sugar crop in China. The seasonal drying is one of the problems that influence the improvement of output and quality of sugarcane in China. The experimental results for the water requirement and fertigation of the sugarcane showed, that the distribution of the rainfall in spring, autumn and winter, all could not suit the requirements for sugarcane growth. Detailedly, it can suit that sugarcane requirement of 74.4%, 68.6% and 35.7% respectively at seedling emerging stage, tillering stage and mature stage according to sugarcane growth. The drought has already limited the yield of sugarcane. Application of fertigation can enhance the fertilizer use efficiency, and it is also a water saving technique in sugarcane production.

长江文明源流下的江汉平原农业文化遗产探究

长江流域作为中华民族文化的发祥地之一,有着丰富的内涵。江汉平原农业的形成与长江文明的发展密不可分。其生产系统具有使用价值、防护价值、技术价值、战略价值和文化价值。为深入探索区域农业文化遗产价值,本文以自然区划为单位对江汉平原湿地农业的形成历史进行分析,从历史根源评估其遗产价值,并对江汉平原农业文化遗产的保护与传承进行了探讨,有助于促进该文化遗产的传承与发展,充分发掘长江文明,助力乡村振兴。

Field experiment on coalmine heat disaster governance using cold source from surface water

Regarding the lack of cold source for underground cooling systems from either mine inflow or return air, field experiments were taken in a high temperature deep coal mine with abundant cold source from surface water. Taking Sanhejian coal mine as an example, this paper introduced the technology scheme of heat disaster governance using surface water cold source. The paper presents the basics of this field experiment at the beginning, following by the design and site layout of the cooling system including the analysis and calculation of cold source. Numerical calculation method is also applied based on the operation parameters to simulate the influence to the surface river ecosystem. The results suggest that the temperature of surface water shall be lower than 34 ℃ after heat exchange, and when more cooling capacities are needed in the future, increasing the water flow is more favorable than increasing the cooling range of water, which is better for the ecological environment protection,

Control Effect of 80% Nicosulfuron·Atrazine Water-dispersible Granules on Weeds in Spring Maize Field

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the control effect of different concentrations of 80% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules on weeds in spring maize field. [Method] Maize field was sprayed with 300, 375, 450, 750 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules respectively, with 40 g/L nicosulfuron suspending concentrate and 38% atrazine suspending concentrate as control agents. Artificial weeding and control(CK) plots were set. [Result] Fresh weight control efficiency of 375-750 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules was significantly higher than that of 40 g/L nicosulfuron suspending concentrate and 38% atrazine suspending concentrate; no obvious phytotoxicity symptoms were observed after application of 300-450 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine waterdispersible granules; 750 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules posed certain impact on the growth of maize seedlings. Compared with control plots, various doses of 80% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules significantly improved the yield of maize. [Conclusion] In the present study, 375-450 g/hm280% nicosulfuron·atrazine water-dispersible granules exhibited high control effect on weeds in maize field and were safe for the growth of maize seedlings.

Molecular mapping for seedling cold tolerance QTLs in rice

The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for cold tolerance relative characters were identified with microsatellite markers.Ten QTLs located on chromosome 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11(two)and 12 were detected for seedling height at different low temperature. Only 2 of these were detected at the same locus at four environments, 1 was significant at three environments, 6 were significant at two environments and 1 was significant at one environment. Seven QTLs located on chromosome 1(two), 2(two),5,6,8 were found for low temperature chlorosis resistance and five QTLs located on chromosome 3, 4, 7, 8, 11 resistant to chilling injury. The amount of variation explained by individual QTL ranged from 4.85%to 49.34%. There was no linkage relationship among the three characters, which indicates seedling cold tolerance is a complex character and is controlled by different QTLs.

Change of Soil Organic Carbon after Cropland Afforestation in ′Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control′ Program Area in China

Land use change is one of the major factors that affect soil organic carbon （SOC） variation and global carbon balance. However, the effects of land use change on SOC are always variable. In this study, using a series of paired-field experiments, we estimated the effects of revegetation types and environmental conditions on SOC stock and vertical distribution after replacement of cropland with poplar （Populus tomentosa） and korshinsk peashrub （Caragana korshinskt＇i） in three climate regions （Chifeng City, Fengning City and Datong City of the ＇Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control＇ （BTSSC） program area. The results show that SOC sequestration rate ranges from 0.15 Mg/（ha-yr） to 3.76 Mg/（ha-yr） in the soil layer of 0-100 cm in early stage after cropland afforestation in the BTSSC program area. The SOC accumulation rates are the highest in Fengning for both the two vegetation types. Compared to C. korshinskii, P tomentosa has greater effects on SOC accumulation in the three climate regions, but significantly greater effect only appears in Datong. The SOC density increases by 20%-111% and 15%-59% for P. tomentosa and 9%-63% and 0-73% for C. korshinskii in the 0-20 cm and 20-100 cm soil layers, respectively. Our results indicate that cropland afforestation not only affects SOC stock in the topsoil, but also has some effects on subsoil carbon. However, the effect of cropland afforestation on SOC accumulation varied with climate regions and revegetation types. Considering the large area of revegetation and relatively high SOC accumulation rate, SOC sequestration in the BTSSC program should contribute significantly to decrease the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.

李悝的经济政策和统计核算

李悝,一说即李克,生于公元前455年,死于公元前395年,曾作过魏文侯的宰相,是一个开明的政治家.当时,魏国已经进行过一些封建改革,地主阶级正取代着奴隶主的权力.而李悝在任宰相时,又提出反对不劳而食,反对依仗先人的权势作威作福,反对溺爱儿孙,以及废除世袭制、广开才路等主张.这种政策的贯彻执行,对进一步限制、剥夺奴隶主特权,扶持新兴的地主制度,为封建生产方式向新的阶段发展,都起了一定的推动作用.