潮湿扇、河流、湖泊沉积体系及其沼泽沉积特征——以焉耆盆地为例

目的为讨论潮湿扇、河流、湖泊沉积体系中沼泽的沉积特征,确定沼泽的沉积模式。方法依据相标志,采用沉积体系分析法。结果潮湿扇、河流和湖泊沉积体系是焉耆盆地的主要沉积体系类型,它们形成于中晚三叠世至中侏罗世的小泉沟、八道湾、三工河、西山窑和头屯河期;其中的河流沉积体系和湖泊沉积体系较为发育,河流沉积体系分为辫状河和曲流河两种类型。结论在潮湿气候条件下形成的潮湿扇、河流和湖泊沉积体系富含煤层、碳质泥岩和灰黑色泥岩,各类沼泽沉积发育,从而形成了该区较为发育的扇沼-河沼-湖沼沉积模式。

北洺河铁矿地应力与采动应力测量

地应力是影响地下采矿的重要因素之一。本文采用实现完全温度补偿的空心包体应变技术的套孔应力解除法测量矿区地应力，采用MC型钻孔应力计测量采动应力，获得了地应力场和采动应力的分布规律，这些工作对于指导采矿设计和安全生产有着极其重要的作用。测量结果表明，北沼河铁矿地应力场以水平应力为主，采动应力分为明显的应力降低区、应力增高区和应力稳定区。

洺河(永年段)沿岸植物的样方调查分析

洺河是滏阳河的一个重要支流,也是邯郸市境内的泄洪河道。采用样方法对洺河(永年段)附近植物现状进行了系统的调查。通过对洺河中游上部和中游下部沿岸植物的生活型、物候期、生活力等基本特征的对比研究发现,中游上部及下部植物生长特点存在明显的差异性,并且洺河水质与其植物生长状态有一定的相关性。

洺河(永年段)流域生态环境问卷调查分析

此次调研问卷是为了研究洺河(永年段)流域河水水质及生态现状,了解当下状况社会各阶层对其防护与整治所采取措施。问卷调查以洺河地区生态环境为核心出发点,通过关注洺河附近最受影响的生态问题以及洺河水质的恶化所带来的问题和保护洺河宣传渠道等问题而展开。根据当地居民对洺河情况的反应,进一步分析此阶段洺河流域的水质状况,生态情况等,提出了解决环境问题的措施。

彬长矿区延安组沉积环境分析

根据勘探资料及野外观察,对彬长矿区煤系地层沉积环境及成煤条件进行了分析,认为本区煤系地层属河沼相内陆环境沉积,受古地理环境和同沉积作用控制,在低洼地区的泥炭沼泽环境下形成稳定的8煤和5煤。

河沼虾油的加工研究

以小河沼虾为原料,采用速酿发酵法生产虾油。通过单因素试验确定发酵温度、发酵时间、加酶量和盐度的最佳范围。利用正交试验确定最终发酵加工工艺方案:45℃,盐度12%,添加蛋白酶量0.15%的条件下发酵10d,所得的虾油中氨基酸含量最高,达2.8875%。

Emissions of Biogenic Sulfur Gases(H2S,COS)from Phragmites australis Coastal Marsh in the Yellow River Estuary of China

Emissions of biogenic sulfur gases(hydrogen sulfide(H_2S) and carbonyl sulfide(COS)) from Phragmites australis coastal marsh in the Yellow River estuary of China were determined during April to December in 2014 using static chamber-gas chromatography technique with monthly sampling. The results showed that the fluxes of H_2S and COS both had distinct seasonal and diurnal variations. The H_2S fluxes ranged from 0.09 μg/(m^2·h) to 7.65 μg/(m^2·h), and the COS fluxes ranged from –1.10 μg/(m^2·h) to 3.32 μg/(m^2·h). The mean fluxes of H_2S and COS from the P. australis coastal marsh were 2.28 μg/(m^2·h), and 1.05 μg/(m^2·h), respectively. The P. australis coastal marsh was the emission source of both H_2S and COS over the whole year. Fluxes of H_2S and COS were both higher in plant growing season than in the non-growing season. Temperature had a dramatic effect on the H_2S emission flux, while the correlations between COS flux and the environmental factors were not found during sampling periods. More in-depth and comprehensive research on other related factors, such as vegetation, sediment substrates, and tidal action is needed to discover and further understand the key factors and the release mechanism of sulfur gases.

Soil Organic Carbon Contents and Stocks in Coastal Salt Marshes with Spartina alterniflora Following an Invasion Chronosequence in the Yellow River Delta,China

Plant invasion alters the fundamental structure and function of native ecosystems by affecting the biogeochemical pools and fluxes of materials and energy. Native(Suaeda salsa) and invasive(Spartina alterniflora) salt marshes were selected to study the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on soil organic carbon(SOC) contents and stocks in the Yellow River Delta. Results showed that the SOC contents(g/kg) and stocks(kg/m^2) were significantly increased(P < 0.05) after Spartina alterniflora invasion of seven years, especially for the surface soil layer(0–20 cm). The SOC contents exhibited an even distribution along the soil profiles in native salt marshes, while the SOC contents were gradually decreased with depth after Spartina alterniflora invasion of seven years. The natural ln response ratios(Ln RR) were applied to identify the effects of short-term Spartina alterniflora invasion on the SOC stocks. We also found that Spartina alterniflora invasion might cause soil organic carbon losses in a short-term phase(2–4 years in this study) due to the negative Ln RR values, especially for 20–60 cm depth. And the SOCD in surface layer(0–20 cm) do not increase linearly with the invasive age. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that silt + clay content was exponentially related with SOC in surface layer(Adjusted R^2 = 0.43, P < 0.001), suggesting that soil texture could play a key role in SOC sequestration of coastal salt marshes.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Coastal Wetlands and Reclamation in the Yangtze Estuary During Past 50 Years(1960s–2015)

Reclamation is one of the fastest-growing land use type developed in coastal areas and has caused degradation and loss of coastal wetlands as well as serious environmental problems. This paper was aimed at monitoring the spatiotemporal patterns of coastal wetlands and reclamation in the Yangtze Estuary during the 1960s and 2015. Satellite images obtained from 1980 to 2015 and topography maps of the 1960 s were employed to extract changes of reclamation and coastal wetlands. Area-weight centroids were calculated to identify the movement trend of reclamation and coastal wetlands. The results show that from the 1960 s to 2015, the net area of natural wetlands declined by 574.3 km^2, while man-made wetlands and reclamation increased by 553.6 and 543.9 km^2, respectively. During the five study phases, the fastest areal change rate natural wetlands was –13.3 km^2/yr in the period of 1990–2000, and that of man-made areas was 24.7 km^2/yr in the same period, and the areal change rate of reclamation was 27.6 km^2/yr in the period of 2000–2010. Conversion of coastal wetlands mainly occurred in the Chongming Island, Changshu City and the east coast of Shanghai Municipality. Reclamation was common across coastal areas, and was mainly attributed to settlement and man-made wetlands in the Chongming Island, Lianyungang City and the east coast of Shanghai Municipality. Natural wetlands turned into farmlands and settlement, and man-made wetlands gained from reclamation of farmlands. The centroid of natural wetlands generally moved towards the sea, man-made wetlands expanded equally in all directions and inland, and the centroid of reclamation migrated toward Shanghai Municipality. Sea level rise, erosion-deposition changes, and reclamation activities together determine the dynamics of the Yangtze Estuary wetlands. However, reclamation activities for construction of ports, industries and aquaculture are the key causes for the dynamics. The results from this study on the dynamics of coastal wetlands and reclamation are valuable for local government to put forward sustainable land use and land development plans.

Changes of Biogenic Elements in Phragmites australis and Suaeda salsa from Salt Marshes in Yellow River Delta,China

Little information is available on biogenic elements(carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur) and the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of plants in coastal wetlands. To investigate the contents of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur of plants, and their ecological stoichiometric characteristics in the Yellow(Huanghe) River Delta, plant samples were collected from two typical salt marshes(Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis wetlands) during the period of from August to October in 2007, and the ratios of C/N, C/P, N/P, C/N/P and C/N/P/S were calculated. Results showed that during the studying period, plant C, N and P were lower than the global average values, and plant N and P were lower than the China's average values. Leaf C and S in Suaeda salsa were significantly lower than those in Phragmites australis(P < 0.05), and leaf N and P in Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis showed no significant differences(P > 0.05). Average C/N ratios were 23.75 in leaf, 73.36 in stem, 65.67 in root of Suaeda salsa, and 33.77 in leaf, 121.68 in stem, 97.13 in root of Phragmites australis. Average C/N ratios of Suaeda salsa and Phragmites australis were all great than 25, indicating the salt marsh in the Yellow River Delta is an N limitation system. Average C/P ratios were 276.78 in leaf, 709.28 in stem and 1031.32 in root of Suaeda salsa, and 536.94 in leaf, 768.13 in stem and 875.22 in root of Phragmites australis. The average N/P ratios of Suaeda salsa were 12.92 in leaf, 10.77 in stem and 10.91 in root, and the average N/P ratios of Phragmites australis were 16.40 in leaf, 7.40 in stem and 6.92 in root, indicating the Suaeda salsa wetlands were N limited and Phragmites australis wetlands were N limited in August and P limited in October in 2007. The average C/N, C/P and C/N/P ratios in Suaeda salsa and Pragmites australis were higher than the global average values, indicating the lower quality of organic matter provided by wetland plants in the Yellow River delta.

Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Sediment Organic Carbon Mineralization Under Different Water Conditions in Coastal Wetland of a Subtropical Estuary

The changes in soil organic carbon(C) mineralization as affected by anthropogenic disturbance directly determine the role of soils as C source or sink in the global C budget. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of anthropogenic disturbance(aquaculture pond, pollutant discharge and agricultural activity) on soil organic C mineralization under different water conditions in the Minjiang River estuary wetland, Southeast China. The results showed that the organic C mineralization in the wetland soils was significantly affected by human disturbance and water conditions(P < 0.001), and the interaction between human disturbance activities and water conditions was also significant(P < 0.01). The C mineralization rate and the cumulative mineralized carbon dioxide-carbon(CO_2-C)(at the 49th day) ranked from highest to lowest as follows: Phragmites australis wetland soil > aquaculture pond sediment > soil near the discharge outlet > rice paddy soil. This indicated that human disturbance inhibited the mineralization of C in soils of the Minjiang River estuary wetland, and the inhibition increased with the intensity of human disturbance. The data for cumulative mineralized CO_2-C showed a good fit(R^2 > 0.91) to the first-order kinetic model C_t = C_0(1 – exp(–kt)). The kinetic parameters C_0, k and C_0 k were significantly affected by human disturbance and water conditions. In addition, the total amount of mineralized C(in 49 d) was positively related to C_0, C_0 k and electrical conductivity of soils. These findings indicated that anthropogenic disturbance suppressed the organic C mineralization potential in subtropical coastal wetland soils, and changes of water pattern as affected by human activities in the future would have a strong influence on C cycling in the subtropical estuarine wetlands.

洺河育英才 奉献谱华章

太行东麓,(氵名)河南岸,昔日的荒野沙滩上,如今已崛起一座现代化的大型矿山——邯邢冶金矿山管理局北氵名河铁矿。北氵名河铁矿是国家“九五”期间批准恢复建设的唯一一座大型地下黑色冶金矿山,设计规模为年生产铁矿石180万吨,建设期为5年,达产期为3年,矿山服务年限35年,建设总投资69700万元。北氵名河铁矿1997年4月8日恢复建设,2002年4月8日顺利实现试生产,当年生产铁矿石75万吨,2003年12月26日通过了河北省发改委组织的恢复建设工程总体验收,到2004年11月11日,北氵名河铁矿当年累计生产铁矿石180万吨,提前415天实现达产,全年实现内部利润3.05亿元,2005年上半年的铁矿石产量已突破120万吨,内部利润超过2亿元,实现了投资不超预算、正式投产当年即达到并超过设计生产能力的跨越式发展目标,不仅为我国的大型矿山建设探索出了一条“新、快、好、省”的道路,更为新型矿山企业加快发展、增强市场竞争能力总结出了一套成功的经验。北氵名河铁矿能够在激烈的市场竞争中迅速做大做强企业,其诀窍是什么呢?在我们走近这座新型现代化矿山后了解到,除了企业引进了先进的生产工艺和设备,大胆改革,不断创新管理机制外,最重要的一条就是坚持以人为本,把提高员工队伍整体素质作为第一要务,通过完善企业文化建设和制度约束激励机制,树高尚精神,铸企业灵魂,增强了员工立足岗位、诚实劳动、无私奉献的自觉性。

Remote Sensing Classification of Marsh Wetland with Different Resolution Images

Successful biological monitoring depends on judicious classification. An attempt has been made to provide an overview of important characteristics of marsh wetland. Classification was used to describe ecosystems and land cover patterns. Different spatial resolution images show different landscape characteristics. Several classification images were used to map and monitor wetland ecosystems of Honghe National Nature Reserve （HNNR） at a plant community scale. HNNR is a typical inland wetland and fresh water ecosystem in the North Temperate Zone. SPOT-5 10 m ×10 m, 20 m × 20 m, and 30 m×30 m images and Landsat -5 Thematic Mapper （TM） images were used to classify based on maximum likelihood classification （MLC） algorithms. In order to validate the precision of the classifications, this study used aerial photography classification maps as training samples because of their high accuracy. The accuracy of the derived classes was assessed with the discrete multivariate technique called KAPPA accuracy. The results indicate： （1） training samples are important to classification results. （2） Image classification accuracy is always affected by areal fraction and aggregation degree as well as by diversities and patch shape. （3） The core zone area is protected better than buffer zone and experimental zone wetland. The experimental zone degrades fast because of irrational development by humans.

Fluorescence characterization and microbial degradation of dissolved organic matter leached from salt marsh plants in the Yellow River Delta

Aims Salt marsh vegetation is an important contributor of dissolved organic matter(DOM)to coastal waters.The dynamics of DOM leaching from different marsh plants,however,have not been well studied or compared.Methods In this study,we conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the processes of DOM leaching from three common marsh plants(Phragmites australis,Suaeda salsa and Aeluropus littoralis)collected from the Yellow River Delta(YRD)salt marsh in October 2016.The YRD is one of the largest and most well-protected coastal ecosystems on the east coast of China.Important Findings We found that the plant leaves released DOM at much higher concentrations than the plant roots or stems,as measured by the dissolved organic carbon(DOC)and dissolved nitrogen(DN).On average,15%of the biomass C and 30%of the biomass N were released from the plant leaves as DOC and DN during the 27-day incubation period.The DOM released from the plants was very labile,and 92.4%-98.1%of the DOC and 88.0%-94.6%of the DN released from the plants were consumed by bacteria during the 27-day incubation period.The fluorescence characteristics of the plant-released DOM indicated that chromophoric dissolved organic matter was a major fraction of the DOM and that protein-like components were the primary organic fractions released from the plants.Bacterial degradation altered both the fluorescence properties and the chemical composition of the DOM.The results of the laboratory experiments were well supported by the field investigation,which indicated that a large amount of DOM was outwelled from the YRD salt marshes in late autumn.Our study suggests that the DOM released from the biomass of salt marsh plants provides an important source of both DOC and DN for marsh and coastal waters.The highly labile DOC and DN provide essential food sources to support microbial communities in the YRD salt marsh and adjacent coastal waters.

甘肃省灵台县邵寨南井田煤系沉积规律

甘肃省灵台县邵寨南井田为黄陇侏罗纪煤田彬长矿区的南西延伸部分。井田内延安组为一套河沼型沉积的陆相含煤岩系。以大量钻孔资料为基础,对井田内煤系沉积、井田构造、煤系及主可采煤层与构造的关系等特征进行了分析研究,总结了井田内煤系沉积规律,对以后矿井建设提供参考。