Just as in the eighteenth century cotton trade pulled Palestine＇s economy into the orbit of the world economy, so it also enabled Palestine, through its ruler shaykh Zahir al-＇Umar, to instigate a process of urbaniz...Just as in the eighteenth century cotton trade pulled Palestine＇s economy into the orbit of the world economy, so it also enabled Palestine, through its ruler shaykh Zahir al-＇Umar, to instigate a process of urbanization, However, the Ottoman households that governed Galilee and Palestine＇s coastal areas did not help local merchants （tujjar） to develop inter-regional or intra-regional trade networks, as was the case in central Palestine. The disappearance of the main two obstacles to these networks--the dominant local leaders and the monopoly system--ushered in a new era in Palestine＇s trading and commercial history. Jaffa became Palestine＇s main transit port and gradually attracted wealthy merchants from far and wide. Besides their importing and exporting activities, these merchants invested heavily in citrus plantations, transforming the citrus fruit trade into Palestine＇s largest economic sector. Palestine＇s most powerful merchants played an important role as ＂the modern agents of change＂, as they did elsewhere in the Middle East. This development found expression in many aspects of their lifestyle： in the ornate architecture of their houses, in their patterns of consumption, and in their elevated living standards. These powerful merchants were also the first actors to import new technologies to Palestine, in order to develop their businesses. In short, this paper argued that the Palestinian entrepreneurial and mercantile classes, but not members of the old elite and the traditional leadership, emerged as models for imitation by society at large. In many respects, this shift in influence constituted a revolutionary change.展开更多
Coal is a basic resource and its use guarantees the development of national economies and human society. Thus, coal transportation is an important part of China's overall transportation system. In this system, por...Coal is a basic resource and its use guarantees the development of national economies and human society. Thus, coal transportation is an important part of China's overall transportation system. In this system, ports are the vital transit nodes. This study considered coastal ports in China and analysed the evolution of coal transportation from 1973 to 2013. We focused on the spatial pattern of coal loading and unloading, and summarized the main characteristics and development of the processes. Then, we examined the volumes of coal transported and regional changes in these amounts using mathematical models and indicators. Finally, we analysed the specialized function and spatial differentiation of the ports involved in coal transportation to reveal their spatial relationship and temporal evolution. We found that the spatial pattern of coal transportation changed from "south input and north output" to "all input and north output". However, the prominent ports used for coal unloading are still concentrated in areas south of the Yangtze River. Coal loading is concentrated on the west bank of Bohai Bay. In addition, some ports around Bohai Bay, such as Dandong, Dalian, Yantai, and Qingdao, changed from traditional coal loading ports to unloading ports. This study further developed the theory of transport geography, and improved our understanding of China's coal transportation system.展开更多
文摘Just as in the eighteenth century cotton trade pulled Palestine＇s economy into the orbit of the world economy, so it also enabled Palestine, through its ruler shaykh Zahir al-＇Umar, to instigate a process of urbanization, However, the Ottoman households that governed Galilee and Palestine＇s coastal areas did not help local merchants （tujjar） to develop inter-regional or intra-regional trade networks, as was the case in central Palestine. The disappearance of the main two obstacles to these networks--the dominant local leaders and the monopoly system--ushered in a new era in Palestine＇s trading and commercial history. Jaffa became Palestine＇s main transit port and gradually attracted wealthy merchants from far and wide. Besides their importing and exporting activities, these merchants invested heavily in citrus plantations, transforming the citrus fruit trade into Palestine＇s largest economic sector. Palestine＇s most powerful merchants played an important role as ＂the modern agents of change＂, as they did elsewhere in the Middle East. This development found expression in many aspects of their lifestyle： in the ornate architecture of their houses, in their patterns of consumption, and in their elevated living standards. These powerful merchants were also the first actors to import new technologies to Palestine, in order to develop their businesses. In short, this paper argued that the Palestinian entrepreneurial and mercantile classes, but not members of the old elite and the traditional leadership, emerged as models for imitation by society at large. In many respects, this shift in influence constituted a revolutionary change.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41571113,No.41771134,No.41701126Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS:Evaluation of Connectivity of Infrastructure Network and Spatial Optimization
文摘Coal is a basic resource and its use guarantees the development of national economies and human society. Thus, coal transportation is an important part of China's overall transportation system. In this system, ports are the vital transit nodes. This study considered coastal ports in China and analysed the evolution of coal transportation from 1973 to 2013. We focused on the spatial pattern of coal loading and unloading, and summarized the main characteristics and development of the processes. Then, we examined the volumes of coal transported and regional changes in these amounts using mathematical models and indicators. Finally, we analysed the specialized function and spatial differentiation of the ports involved in coal transportation to reveal their spatial relationship and temporal evolution. We found that the spatial pattern of coal transportation changed from "south input and north output" to "all input and north output". However, the prominent ports used for coal unloading are still concentrated in areas south of the Yangtze River. Coal loading is concentrated on the west bank of Bohai Bay. In addition, some ports around Bohai Bay, such as Dandong, Dalian, Yantai, and Qingdao, changed from traditional coal loading ports to unloading ports. This study further developed the theory of transport geography, and improved our understanding of China's coal transportation system.
