现代汉语“没法儿”的三个平面理论探析

现代汉语中的“没法儿”由述宾结构词汇化演变而来,多用于口语。语义上,“没法儿”既可以表达客观否定,也可以表示“不可能及绝对不会”(含肯定语气),还有“达到极限”(含夸张语气)的义项;句法上,可出现在句首、句中和句尾,可与其他动词共现,且常与副词连用,其后接成分主要是谓词性成分;语用上,具有主观强化功能、焦点凸显功能以及互动性功能。“没法儿”能灵活适用于不同句类,但不能出现在祈使句中。

缔造星级享受——解析法儿曼VALMONT的成功之路

如果全球护肤品推选一个皇后的话，那法儿曼（VALMONT）就是最有力的竞争者，因为在她身边群星闪烁，聚焦了全球盘多明星，名流的拥护与爱戴……

伊利汗国法儿思总督万家奴史事探赜

蒙元时期的汉文和波斯文史料同时记载了伊利汗国的一位名叫万家奴的异密。他跟随旭烈兀汗西征来到伊朗,起先作为从臣在旭烈兀身边效力,后被旭烈兀及其继任者阿八哈汗两度委任为伊朗东南部法儿思省总督。万家奴对法儿思治理有方,使当地经济恢复、人民安定。万家奴出身畏兀儿部族,他笃信佛教,受汉文化影响较深,同时对伊朗伊斯兰文化也怀有开放的态度。他不仅与汉人儒士多有来往,还与波斯精英交往甚密。法儿思地区发行的刻有汉字"宝"的波斯钱币,很可能是由他主持打造的。最终,万家奴因受到法儿思地方权贵的攻讦,被阿八哈汗撤职定罪,遣回中国。

郑和下西洋的经贸活动初探

关于郑和下西洋的利弊,早在永乐、宣德、成化年间,明王朝君臣之间就有过争议。争论的焦点集中在郑和历次出使西洋耗费钜万,对国家经济却不见有益影响上。成化中,车驾郞中刘大夏更是激烈抨击郑和下西洋“费钱粮数十万,军民死且万计。纵得奇宝而回,于国家何益。”为此,他把明朝府中所藏有关郑和下西洋的全部档案付之一炬,绝后人效仿。人此有关郑和出使西洋的记载,在封建正统史书中,仅《明史》、《明实录》有所存录但却既少且略,又偏重于记载出使西洋的政治原因和成就,难以窥视郑和下西洋的全貌。那么,郑和本人是否有经济意识?他七下西洋,在完成明王朝的政治外交使命外,是否进行过贸易活动?是否为明以后对外贸易的更大发展创造了条件。……这些问题,不可能在封建正统史书中找到满意的答案,只能求助于非正统的私家著述了。

Isolation, characterization and culture of Thy1-positive cells from fetal rat livers

AIM： To investigate whether Thyl recognizes oval cells in the fetal liver and to characterize the cultured Thy1 selected cells from E14 rat livers. METHODS： Thyl populations were analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. Thyl positive cells were isolated using magnetic beads. Hepatic markers were detected by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS： The percentage of Thyl-positive cells decreased during early development of fetal rat liver （E13-E16）. E14 fetal livers contained 7.8% Thy1 positive cells, of which 61% were positive for α-fetoprotein （AFP） and 25% expressed albumin. The Thy1＋ population expressed oval cell markers c-Kit and CXCR4, liver enriched-transcription factors HNF1α and HNF6, hepatocytic markers albumin, AFP and cytokeratin 18, and biliary marker cytokeratin 19. Thy1- selected cells formed only mesenchymal colonies when plated on collagen and in serum-containing media. Thyl selected cells were able to form hepatic colonies positive for HNF1α, HNF6, albumin, AFP, cytokeratin 18, cytokeratin 19 and glycogen, when grown on STO feeder layers in serum free-media. CONCLUSION： Oval cells positive for Thyl are present in early liver embryonic stages.

Treatment of 140 cerebral palsied children with a combined method based on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and western medicine

Objective:To observe and evaluate a method that is effective and practical for treatment of cerebral palsied(CP)children in China.Method:The patient's age and disease type and individual specific conditions were considered in choosingtherapy methods accordingly:Chinese herbs,acupuncture,auricnlar seed pressure,point finger pressing,massage,orthopedichand manipulation,physiotherapy,occupational therapy,language therapy,etc.Meanwhile we created a new CP treatment modelthat combines hospitalized treatment with family therapy.Results:The majority of CP patients improved greatly in motor andsocial adaptation capacities after treatment.Wilcoxon paired rank sum test analysis showed that there were significant differencesbetween the data before and after treatment(P<0.01).Conclusion:This combined therapy method,based on traditional Chinesemedicine and western medicine plus family supplemental therapy,is an effective and practical treatment strategy for CP children inChina.

Capsule endoscopy in pediatric patients

Wireless capsule endoscope (WCE) for the investigation of the small bowel is an approved technique both in adults and children (more than 10 years old). The present review provides data on the indications, diagnostic yield, adverse events and limitations of the WCE technique in children and tries to predict the future of WCE usage in this population of patients.

Syntax Development in Language Education of Children Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing by Usage of Modem Technology

The aim of the study was to determine the development of syntax in language development of children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing, who are taught to new dynamic linguistic features with the help of computers. The sample consisted of 70 children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing, aged 7-17 years. To assess language development were applied following variables： total number of words used, the total number of different words used, the correct and incorrect statements （sentences） of the respondents. We calculated the basic statistical parameters on which it was found that the experimental program computer teaching children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing gave better results in the development of syntax. Also, canonical discriminate analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in the applied variables between the control and experimental groups the level of statistical significance ofp = 0.000. The results showed a significant improvement of the experimental group and that dynamic computer programming activities, which were challenged participants of the experimental group, contribute to a better linguistic competence of children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing.

Treatment of rectal prolapse in children with cow milk injection sclerotherapy:30-year experience

AIM:To evaluate the role and our experience of injecti-on sclerotherapy with cow milk in the treatment of rectal prolapse in children. METHODS:In the last 30 years (1976-2006) we made 100 injections of sclerotherapy with cow milk in 86 chil-dren. In this study we included children who failed to respond to conservative treatment and we perform ope-rative treatment. RESULTS:In our study we included 86 children and in all of the patients we perform cow milk injection sclerot-herapy. In 95.3% (82 children) of patients sclerotherapy was successful. In 4 (4.7%) patients we had recurrent rectal prolapse where we performed operative treatment. Below 4 years we had 62 children (72%) and 24 older children (28%). In children who needed operative trea-tment we performed Thiersch operation and without any complications. CONCLUSION:Injection sclerotherapy with cow milk for treatment rectal prolapse in children is a simple and effective treatment for rectal prolapse with minimal com-plications.

EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE ON CEREBRAL IMAGES IN AUTISM CHILDREN

Objective: To observe the effect of acupuncture on images in autism children. Methods; A total of 27 cases of autism children were subjected into this study. By using a SPECT, the cerebral images were collected before and after acupuncture treatment and analyzed according to the recommended methods in 《Clinical Nuclear Medicine》 for assessing the state of blood flow, radioactivity quantity distribution and radioactivity count in bilateral hemispheres. 'JIN's three-needling' was employed. The acupuncture treatment was given once every other day, with 4 months being a therapeutic course and an interval of one month between two courses. Results: After acupuncture treatment, of the 22 cases, 20 had remarkable improvement and 2 had improvement in cerebral blood flow, with the total effective rate being 90.8%. Before the treatment there were significant differences between the left and right cerebrum (P<0. 001), and between the left and right frontal lobes in radioactive areas (P<0.01); however, after treatment, no differences were found between them (P>0.05). After treatment, the radioactivity count in the whole brain decreased significantly in comparison with that of pretreatment (P<0.01). It indicates the improvement of cerebral blood flow and cellular metabolism after the treatment. Conclusion: Acupuncture can significantly improve cerebral blood flow in autism children.

Effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy on pain in children:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Aims:Animal-assisted therapy(AAT)relieves pain by creating a relaxed and comfortable environment to reduce anxiety in children.Yet little is known about its effects on pain in children.This study aims to systematically evaluate the effects of AAT on pain in children.Methods:Eight databases including PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CINAHL Complete,Chinese Biomedical Database(CBM),Weipu Database(VIP),China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database(CNKI)and Wanfang Database were retrieved,and all randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trial using AAT on children’s pain were recruited from inception to October 2019.Two reviewers independently screened literature,extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies.RevMan 5.3 software was employed for meta-analysis.Results:Seven published studies containing 4 RCTs and 3 CCTs were included for the systematic review.The results of meta-analysis showed that AAT could reduce children’s pain when compared with the control group[MD=-0.53,95%CI(-0.77,-0.30),P<0.00001].Conclusion:Current evidence shows that AAT can relieve pain in children to some extent.Considering the limited quality and quantity of the available studies,more high quality studies should be performed to verify the above conclusion.

Evaluation of Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse （NEMP） Vulnerability on Cots Electronic Equipments

This study deals with a new evaluation method of nuclear electromagnetic pulse （NEMP） vulnerability on cots electronic equipments. The method consists in comparing electromagnetic compatibility （EMC） test severities to NEMP conducted stresses. The comparison uses five characteristic criteria of the induced stresses, calculated with an analytic method. The process is based on a software named ＂SUSIE＂ （in French： SUSceptibilite a I＇IEMN ＂Impulsion ElectroMagnttique d＇origine Nucl6aire Haute Altitude＂）. Today, only conducted stresses are analyzed. An evolution is planned in 2013 to determine the equivalent vulnerability of radiated stresses and to validate the software.

Comparison of different diagnostic methods in infants with Cholestasis

AIM: To evaluate different methods in differentiating idiopathic neonatal hepatitis from biliary atresia. METHODS: Sixty-five infants with cholestatic jaundice and final diagnosis of idiopathic neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia were studied prospectively from September 2003 to March 2006. A thorough history and physical examination were undertaken and the liver enzymes were examined. All cases underwent abdominal ultrasonography, hepatobiliary scintigraphy, and percutaneous liver biopsy. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of these various methods were compared. RESULTS: There were 34 girls and 31 boys, among them 46 subjects had idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (age, 61 ± 17 d) and 19 had biliary atresia (age, 64 ± 18 d). The mean age at onset of jaundice was significantly lower in cases of biliary atresia when compared to idiopathic neonatal hepatitis cases (9 ± 13 d vs 20 ± 21 d; P = 0.032). The diagnostic accuracy of different methods was as follows: liver biopsy, 96.9%; clinical evaluation, 70.8%; ultrasonography, 69.2%; hepatobiliary scintigraphy, 58.5%; and liver enzymes, 50.8%.CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that clinical evaluation by an experienced pediatric hepatologist and a biopsy of the liver are considered as the most reliable methods to differentiate idiopathic neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia.

Fetal lung surfactant and development alterations in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

AIM: To investigate the association between total bile acid(TBA) level during intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy(ICP) and fetal lung surfactant alteration. METHODS: We recruited 42 ICP and 32 normal pregnancy women in this study. The maternal blood, fetal blood and amniotic fluid TBA level were detected using a circulating enzymatic method. Umbilical blood pulmonary surfactant protein A(SP-A) was evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High performance liquid chromatography was used for the determination of phosphatidyl choline(PC), phosphatidyl inositol(PI), lysolecithin(LPC) and sphingomyelin(SM). Amniotic fluid lamellar body was counted with a fully automatic blood cell counter. Fetal lung area and fetal body weight were calculated from data obtained with an iu22 color supersonic diagnostic set. Clinical information of a nonstress test, amniotic fluid properties and neonatal Apgar score, and birth weight were recorded for review. RESULTS: The TBA level in maternal blood, fetal blood and amniotic fluid in the ICP group were significantly higher than that in the control group(maternal blood: 34.11 ± 6.75 mmol/L vs 4.55 ± 1.72 mmol/L, P < 0.05; fetal blood: 11.9 ± 2.23 mmol/L vs 3.52 ± 1.56 mmol/L, P < 0.05; amniotic fluid: 3.89 ± 1.99 mmol/L vs 1.43 ± 1.14 mmol/L, P < 0.05). Amniotic fluid PC and PI in the ICP group were significantly lower than that in the control group(PC: 65.71 ± 7.23 μg/m L vs 69.70 ± 6.68 μg/m L, P < 0.05; PI: 3.87 ± 0.65 μg/m L vs 4.28 ± 0.74 μg/m L, P < 0.05). PC/LPC ratio of the ICP group was lower than that of the control group(14.40 ± 3.14 vs 16.90 ± 2.52, P < 0.05). Amniotic LB in the ICP group was significantly lower than that of the control group((74.13 ± 4.37) × 109/L vs(103.0 ± 26.82) × 109/L, P < 0.05). Fetal umbilical blood SP-A level in the ICP group was significantly higher than that of the control group(30.26 ± 7.01 ng/m L vs 22.63 ± 7.42 ng/m L, P < 0.05). Fetal lung area/body weight ratio of the ICP group was significantly lower than that of the control group(5.76 ± 0.63 cm2/kg vs 6.89 ± 0.48 cm2/kg, P < 0.05). In the ICP group, umbilical cord blood TBA concentration was positively correlated to the maternal blood TBA concentration(r = 0.746, P < 0.05) and umbilical blood SP-A(r = 0.422, P < 0.05), but it was negatively correlated to the amniotic fluid lamellar corpuscle(r = 0.810, P < 0.05) and fetal lung area/body weight ratio(r = 0.769, P < 0.05). Furthermore, umbilical blood TBA showed a negative correlation to PC, SM and PI(r pc = 0.536, r sm = 0.438, r pi = 0.387 respectively, P < 0.05). The neonatal asphyxia, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, fetal distress and perinatal death rates in the ICP group are higher than that of theCONCLUSION: ICP has higher TBA in maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid. The high concentration of TBA may affect fetal pulmonary surfactant production and fetal lung maturation.

OBSERVATION ON THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF CT-AIDED SURROUNDING NEEDLING IN THE TREATMENT OF ISCHEMIC STROKE AND CHANGES OF PLASMA CATECHOLAMINE LEVEL

In this study, 61 cases of ischemic stroke patients are randomly divided into surrounding needling group (n=31) and scalp acupuncture group (n=30). The ischemic focus of the brain is determined by CT examination. For patients of the surrounding needling group, Gauge 29-30 stainless steel filiform needles are inserted into the surrounding scalp of the focal projection region one by one, with the needle tips toward the center of the focal projection area, and combined with other body acupoints according to syndrome differentiation. For patients of scalp acupuncture group, Motor Area (MS 6) and Sensory Area (MS 7) of the contralateral side of the focus are used. The treatment is performed once daily in both groups, with 30 sessions being a therapeutic course. After one course of treatment, in surrounding needling and scalp acupuncture groups, 20 and 11 cases are cured basically, 10 and 15 have a marked improvement, 1 and 4 are effective, the therapeutic effect of the former group is significantly superior to that of scalp acupuncture group. After treatment, plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) levels of the two groups decrease considerably compared with pre treatment of each group (P<0.01), and the effects of surrounding needling on E and NE are more evidently than those of scalp acupuncture (P<0.05). Results suggest that the therapeutic effect of acupuncture may be related to the decline of plasma E and NE levels.

Comparison study of harmonic imaging （HI） and fundamental imaging （FI） in fetal echocardiography

Objectives: To directly compare the quality of harmonic imaging (HI) and fundamental imaging (FI) in fetal echocardiography and to determine any differences in image quality between the two modalities. Methods: Fetal echocardiograms were performed with the use of FI and HI in 58 fetuses, image quality and visualization of left and right atria, left and right ventricles, mitral and tricuspid valves, aortic and pulmonary valves, left and right ventricular outflow tracts were evaluated and compared between FI and HI. Results: Mean HI scores were higher than mean FI scores (2.73±0.43 vs 2.16±0.69, P <0.001)for all the cardiovascular structures evaluated. Compared with FI, HI improved the image quality and visualization of fetal cardiac structures in subjects with both good (2.73±0.43 vs 2.88±0.32, P <0.001) and suboptimal (1.65±0.41 vs 2.58±0.47, P <0.001) echocardiographic windows. The interobserver correlation coefficient for the grading scores was 0.74 ( P <0.001). Conclusions: harmonic imaging enhances and improves the image quality of fetal echocardiography; and has important potential role in cardiac imaging in the fetus.

Clinical Observation on 930 Child Epilepsy Cases Treated with Anti-epilepsy Capsules

1090 cases of child epilepsy were divided randomly into two groups: the treatment group (930 cases treated with anti-epilepsy capsules) and the control group (160 cases treated with luminal). The results showed that in the treatment group, 534 cases were markedly effective, 241 effective, 96 improved, 46 ineffective, and 13 aggravated, with a total effective rate of 83.33%; while in the control group, 64 cases were markedly effective, 19 effective, 38 improved, 29 ineffective, and 10 aggravated, with a total effective rate of 51.88%. The treatment group showed an obviously higher total effective rate than that in the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, cases in the two groups all had lower frequency of epilepsy attacks and shorter duration of each attack as compared with that before treatment (P<0.01), but the situation was obviously better in the treatment group. The anti-epilepsy capsules had very good effect on various types of epilepsy, especially on autonomic epilepsy and on epilepsies due to wind, phlegm, or terror as differentiated in TCM. After treatment, the recovery rate shown by EEG examination was 54.3% in the treatment group, while 38.4% in the control group, the former being obviously higher than the latter (P<0.01).

Improving Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation Models by Incorporating Syntax-Based Language Models

This paper proposed a method to incorporate syntax-based language models in phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) systems. The syntax-based language model used in this paper is based on link grammar,which is a high lexical formalism. In order to apply language models based on link grammar in phrase-based models,the concept of linked phrases,an extension of the concept of traditional phrases in phrase-based models was brought out. Experiments were conducted and the results showed that the use of syntax-based language models could improve the performance of the phrase-based models greatly.

Pharmacological role of efflux transporters: Clinical implications for medication use during breastfeeding

The World Health Organisation recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life and in combination with solid food thereafter. This recommendation was introduced based on research showing numerous health benefits of breastfeeding for both the mother and the infant. However, there is always concern regarding the transfer of medications from mother to their breastfed baby via milk. Pharma-cokinetic properties of a drug are usually used to pre-dict its transferability into breast milk. Although most drugs are compatible with breastfeeding, cases of toxic drug exposure have been reported. This is thought to be due to active transport mechanisms whereby effux transporter proteins expressed in the epithelial cells of the mammary gland actively secrete drugs into milk. An example of such effux transporters including the breast cancer resistance protein which is strongly induced during lactation and this could result in contamination of milk with the substrates of this transporter which may place the suckling infant at risk of toxicity. Furthermore, there is little known about the substrate specifcity of most effux transporters as we have highlighted in this review. There also exists some degree of contradiction between in vivo and in vitro studies which makes it difficult to conclusively predict outcomes and drug-drug interactions.

Gas emission source term estimation with 1-step nonlinear partial swarm optimization-Tikhonov regularization hybrid method

Source term identification is very important for the contaminant gas emission event. Thus, it is necessary to study the source parameter estimation method with high computation efficiency, high estimation accuracy and reasonable confidence interval. Tikhonov regularization method is a potential good tool to identify the source parameters. However, it is invalid for nonlinear inverse problem like gas emission process. 2-step nonlinear and linear PSO （partial swarm optimization）-Tikhonov regularization method proposed previously have estimated the emission source parameters successfully. But there are still some problems in computation efficiency and confidence interval. Hence, a new 1-step nonlinear method combined Tikhonov regularizafion and PSO algorithm with nonlinear forward dispersion model was proposed. First, the method was tested with simulation and experiment cases. The test results showed that 1-step nonlinear hybrid method is able to estimate multiple source parameters with reasonable confidence interval. Then, the estimation performances of different methods were compared with different cases. The estimation values with 1-step nonlinear method were close to that with 2-step nonlinear and linear PSO-Tikhonov regularization method, 1-step nonlinear method even performs better than other two methods in some cases, especially for source strength and downwind distance estimation. Compared with 2-step nonlinear method, 1-step method has higher computation efficiency. On the other hand, the confidence intervals with the method proposed in this paper seem more reasonable than that with other two methods. Finally, single PSO algorithm was compared with 1-step nonlinear PSO-Tikhonov hybrid regularization method. The results showed that the skill scores of 1-step nonlinear hybrid method to estimate source parameters were close to that of single PSO method and even better in some cases. One more important property of 1-step nonlinear PSO-Tikhonov regularization method is its reasonable confidence interval, which is not obtained by single PSO algorithm. Therefore, 1-step nonlinear hybrid regularization method proposed in this paper is a potential good method to estimate contaminant gas emission source term.