抵触或接受:华人对中国租界法制的态度——以上海租界的两个法制事例为出发点

陈无我所著《老上海三十年见闻录》一书记载了两个关于上海租界法制的事例,表现了华人对中国租界法制的主要态度,即抵触或接受的态度。书中的"北人"持抵触态度,而"嘉兴"人则持接受态度。这种态度直面的是上海租界近代法制的内容。华人因为熟悉中国传统农耕的法制,不知租界的近代法制,在遇到具体问题时,其态度便油然而生了。这种态度又因人而异。其中,对这种态度影响较大的是法制的传播程序与人的性格两大因素。受到法制传播影响的南方人易接受这种法制;没受到法制传播影响的北方人则易抵触这种法制。对租界法制之不同态度会产生不同的行为及其结果。接受者因为主动守法而避免了违法的尴尬,抵触者因为违法而遭遇了受法制制裁的尴尬。就上海租界之整体情况而言,持接受态度的人数为多,因此法制得到有效地实施,近代城市秩序建立起来,以致东方国际大都市屹立在中国的东部,上海被称为"东方纽约"。少数长期被广大华人抵触的法制是一些恶法,如"华人与狗不得入内"的规定等。还有,从一些群体事件中也反映出华人对租界恶法的极端抵触态度,如"小车工人抗捐事件"即是如此。当前,为避免出现法不责众的局面,有必要及时把握人们对法制的态度,采取一些必要措施,积极推进法治中国建设。

IMC-PID tuning method based on sensitivity specification for process with time-delay

To overcome the deficiencies addressed in the conventional PID control and improve the dynamic performance and robustness of the system, a simple design and parameters tuning approach of internal model control-PID （IMC-PID） controller was proposed for the first order plus time-delay （FOPTD） process and the second order plus time-delay （SOPTD） process. By approximating the time-delay term of the process model with the first-order Taylor series, the expressions for IMC-PID controller parameters were derived, and they had only one adjustable parameter 2 which was directly related to the dynamic performance and robustness of the system. Moreover, an analytical approach of selecting 2 was given based on the maximum sensitivity Ms. Then, the robust tuning of the system could be achieved according to the value of Ms. In addition, the proposed method could be extended to the integrator plus time-delay （IPTD） process and the first order delay integrating （FODI） process. Simulation studies were carried out on various processes with time-delay, and the results show that the proposed method could provide a better dynamic performance of both the set-point tracking and disturbance rejection and robustness against parameters perturbation.

Using chaos to improve measurement precision

If the measuring signals were input to the chaotic dynamic system as initial parameters, the system outputs might be in steady state, periodic state or chaos state. If the chaotic dynamic system outputs controlled in the periodic states, the periodic numbers would be changed most with the signals. Our novel method is to add chaotic dynamic vibration to the measurement or sensor system.The sensor sensitivity and precision of a measurement system would be improved with this method. Chaotic dynamics measurement algorithms are given and their sensitivity to parameters are analyzed in this paper. The effects of noises on the system are discussed.

Tenure of Urban Land： Structure, Form and Transformation in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil

The purpose of this study is to explore the urban morphological aspects of cities governed by the juridical regime of emphyteusis, a recurrent situation in the northeastern part of the state of Silo Paulo, Brazil, with special attention to the city of Ribeirao Preto. The concession of lands to the Catholic Church was a recurring practice in Brazil during the colonial and imperial periods, when the cities were being established. As these lands were intended for the formation of patrimonial goods to show the devotion of the residents to a Catholic saint, the lands were not allowed to be commercialized. The tenure reveals a relation in which there is an owner--the landlord--who has direct control of the urban land. This owner allows another--the leaseholder--the useful domain of the land, thus giving the latter the right to use the land, the obligation to pay an annual tax and the responsibility to give the owner a percentage of the sales generated from the land. In 1845, farmers donated a tract of land to be used to glorify Silo Sebastiao. This land is now the city of Ribeirao Preto, and it is this conjuncture that defined the structure and the transformation of the original urban form of the current city.

The Ecosystem Condition of Basin of the Trans Border River Argun in Zabaikalsky Krai, Russia

Cyclic climatic changes, as well as the press of anthropogenic impact, affect ecosystems of the river Argun basin. Specialization of basin management is industrial and agricultural. The main impact is connected with the development of mining companies （including the mining of ore and placer gold）, energy facilities, and the formation of reservoirs in the basin of rivers： the Argun -- the Hailar. As a result of natural and anthropogenic pressure, the limiting factor for ecosystem exploitation in this basin is water resources （water deficiency and its quality）.

OpenMP-based parallel transient stability simulation for large-scale power systems

This paper provides an OpenMP-based parallel Very Dishonest Newton(VDHN) algorithm with variable step size,running transient stability simulations(TSA) on multi-core computers.Under the framework of simultaneous solution method of TSA,the step-size control strategy is used according to the local truncation error theory firstly.Then,computation of the generation units,which is the most time-consuming part of the simulation,is dynamically dispatched to several cores using an α dynamic scheduling scheme to obtain workload balancing based on OpenMP.Due to the convergence of Newton-type iterations,an adaptive Jacobian update control strategy is applied to reduce the sequential part of the simulation and the overhead generated by OpenMP.Several large scale test cases verify the validity and practicability of the proposed parallel algorithm,showing that the proposed approach achieves high speed-up and a considerable reduction in parallel overheads.