法国律师在司法体制中的作用

在法国,律师有严格的准入制度,并在传统上担负着两项主要职能——协助与代理,律师通过行使辩护权、代理权、调查权等权利充分为当事人服务。法国律师的执业模式也有所不同,可以分为个人执业、合伙执业、民事专业公司、有限责任公司等不同模式,其中个人执业与合伙执业占据多数。可以说,律师制度是适应一定国家法制的需要逐步形成和发展起来的,即只有国家法制的需要,才是产生律师制度的前提和依据。我国律师制度尚不成熟,应学习借鉴法国律师制度的成熟机制,不断完善我国的律师制度,营造良好的律师执业环境。

日本的外国律师

外国律师曾有一度可十分自由地在日本执行律务:1872年8月3日日本太政官(即当时的内阁)通令颁布的《司法事务规章》(日语即“司法职务定制”),就已经约略提到了日本认可一种以法国律师制为基础的律师制度。1876年2月司法部通令公字第一号首次颁布了旨在全盘引进西方律师制度的《律师章程》(日语为“代言人规则”),同年七月司法部又以公字第十号通令对此作了补充规定(第十六条):“案件原告为外国人者,被告人由其外国律师提出答辩之权不得剥夺之。”

“华人与狗”今昔谈

一位法国律师不久前"炮制"了一出名曰《禁止华人与狗》的剧本并在巴黎上演,激起一番轩然大波。中国驻法使馆发言人提出强烈抗议,巴黎的华人社团还要打官司。"华人与狗"这典故,凡"华人"者几乎无人不晓。据说,旧时代的上海外滩公园门前挂过"华人与狗不得入内"这么一块牌子。那时的中国积贫积弱,殖民地半殖民地,上海乃至其他城市很多地面沦为"租界"。帝国主义殖民主义者要在租界内乃至在租界外什么地方挂起这么一块牌子,"

Structural Constraints on Legal Change:Chinese Lawyers in the Interaction between the State,the Market and Society

Studies on the sources of change in the Chinese legal system are usually based on the statist epistemology, i.e. the will of the state directs and even determines all aspects of change in the legal system. Although this epistemology can partially explain the re-creation of the Chinese legal system during the earlier period of reform and opening up, it fails to provide a comprehensive picture of the present complex situation. Taking as an example the changes in the Chinese legal profession during reform and opening up, this study employs quantitative data and empirical methods to explore the multiple dynamic impacts of the state, the market and society on the Chinese legal system. The study also proposes a theoretical framework of ＂structural constraints＂ on legal change. Since reform and opening up, the Chinese legal system has undergone a transition from state dominance to multi-agent interactions between the state, the market, society, and the legal system itself.