The aim of this research is to study the impact of auditor reputation and audit opinion on earnings management in French banks. This article used a sample of 162 French banks over the period from 2005 to 2012. By usin...The aim of this research is to study the impact of auditor reputation and audit opinion on earnings management in French banks. This article used a sample of 162 French banks over the period from 2005 to 2012. By using three different tests （loss-avoidance, just-meeting-or-beating prior year＇s earnings, and abnormal loan loss provision）, the findings of this paper show that both high auditor reputation and qualified audit opinion constrain earnings management to avoid loss or to just meet or beat prior year＇s earnings in banks. In separate tests related to earnings management through abnormal loan loss provisions, the paper also finds that high auditor reputation constrains earnings management. Qualified audit opinion has a negative but non-significant effect on abnormal loan loss provisions.展开更多
The leaders of the Meiji Restoration believed in their master, Yoshida Shoin （吉田松陰）, who claimed that in order for the islands of Japan not to be a colony of the powerful Western states, Japan had to conquer nea...The leaders of the Meiji Restoration believed in their master, Yoshida Shoin （吉田松陰）, who claimed that in order for the islands of Japan not to be a colony of the powerful Western states, Japan had to conquer nearby countries. This led to Japan’s invasion of the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria, which ultimately led to the Manchurian Incident of 1931, the Sino-Japanese War, and the Pacific War. Surprisingly, the subject and the timing of each and every one of these acts of war were in the same order of Yoshida Shoin’s proposal on preoccupancy. The Sino-Japanese war of 1894 was romanticized as clearing the barbaric culture by civilization, and the Russo-Japanese war of 1904 was romanticized as the realization of Eastern Peace. However, Japanese policies of aggressions were first deemed illegal by international law during the 1931 Manchurian Incident by the investigations of the League of Nations. The Japanese Empire received the recommendation by the League of Nations to restore to original state, but declined and exited from the League of Nations. Following their exit, they started the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War and eventually lost in 1945. The goal of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 was to punish Japan’s aggressions. However, as the Cold War between the East and the West started to arise in 1948, the punishment was eased, and their punishment for the aggressions on the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and Korea was nearly unasked for. This paper examines the issues of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in the views of the international law of the League of Nations, established by Manley O. Hudson of Harvard University and others in U.S. academia and judiciary.展开更多
In this paper, a novel method that integrates the improved empirical mode decomposition （EMD） and signal energy algorithm is proposed to estimate the dominant oscillation parameters and corresponding mode shape. Fir...In this paper, a novel method that integrates the improved empirical mode decomposition （EMD） and signal energy algorithm is proposed to estimate the dominant oscillation parameters and corresponding mode shape. Firstly, the EMD with symmetrical extrema extension （SEE） is utilized to decompose the measured data from wide area measurement system （WAMS） into a finite set of intrinsic mode functions （1MFs）. Then, the signal energy algorithm is used to calculate the approximate oscillation parameters of the IMFs. The nodes involved the dominant oscillation mode are classified based on the calculated frequency and reasonable threshold. Furthermore, for the dominant oscillation mode, the IMF with maximum mean amplitude is defined as the reference. Next, the relative phases （RPs） between the reference IMF and other 1MFs are calculated in order to identify the negative and positive oscillation groups. According to the values of RPs, the coherent group and corresponding node contribution factor （NCF） can be identified, and the dominant approximate mode shape （AMS） can also be determined. The efficiency of the proposed approach is tested by applying it to synthetic signal and measured data from the simulation model.展开更多
The development of foils for racing boats has changed the strategy of sailing. Recently, the America＇s cup held in San Francisco, has been the theatre of a tragicomic history due to the foils. During the last round, ...The development of foils for racing boats has changed the strategy of sailing. Recently, the America＇s cup held in San Francisco, has been the theatre of a tragicomic history due to the foils. During the last round, the New-Zealand boat was winning by 8 to 1 against the defender USA. The winner is the first with 9 victories. USA team understood suddenly （may be） how to use the control of the pitching of the inain foils by adjusting the rake in order to stabilize the ship. And USA won by 9 victories against 8 to the challenger NZ. The goal in this paper is to point out few aspects which could be taken into account in order to improve this mysterious control law which is known as the key of the victory of the USA team. There are certainly many reasons and in particular the cleverness of the sailors and of all the engineering team behind this project. But it appears interesting to have a mathematical discussion, even if it is a partial one, on the mechanical behaviour of these extraordinary sailing boats. The nunlerical exanlples given here are not the true ones. They have just been invented in order to explain the theoretical developments concerning three points： The possibility of tacking on the foils for sailing upwind, the nature of foiling instabilities, if there are, when the boat is flying and the control laws.展开更多
Fourier analysis methods and in particular techniques based on Littlewood-Paley decomposition and paraproduct have known a growing interest recently for the study of nonlinear evolutionary equations. In this survey pa...Fourier analysis methods and in particular techniques based on Littlewood-Paley decomposition and paraproduct have known a growing interest recently for the study of nonlinear evolutionary equations. In this survey paper, we explain how these methods may be implemented so as to study the compresible Navier-Stokes equations in the whole space. We shall investigate both the initial value problem in critical Besov spaces and the low Mach number asymptotics.展开更多
In this paper, we shall prove that the Koch-Tataru solution u to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in Rd satisfies the decay estimates involving some borderline Besov norms with d ≥ 3. Moreover, u has a uniq...In this paper, we shall prove that the Koch-Tataru solution u to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in Rd satisfies the decay estimates involving some borderline Besov norms with d ≥ 3. Moreover, u has a unique trajectory which is HSlder continuous with respect to the space variables.展开更多
This article contextualises the debate in Chinese legal scholarship on qingli and fali in their historical backgrounds by tracing the roots, themes, and variations in the dialogue. The earliest record of the debate be...This article contextualises the debate in Chinese legal scholarship on qingli and fali in their historical backgrounds by tracing the roots, themes, and variations in the dialogue. The earliest record of the debate between Legalism and Confucianism serves as the ground for us to examine the necessity of morality in the practice of law, while the introduction of Confucian ideals into law since the Han dynasty opened up the process of coalescing morality with law in imperial China. Through the case study of xiao （filial piety ）, the article argues that the Confucianisation of law took a long time to complete.展开更多
This paper is dedicated to the study of viscous compressible barotropic fluids in dimension N ≥ 2. We address the question of well-posedness for large data having critical Besov regularity. Our result improves N the...This paper is dedicated to the study of viscous compressible barotropic fluids in dimension N ≥ 2. We address the question of well-posedness for large data having critical Besov regularity. Our result improves N the analysis of Danchin and of the author inasmuch as we may take initial density in BN/p p,1 with 1 ≤ p 〈 ＋∞. Our result relies on a new a priori estimate for the velocity, where we introduce a new unknown called effective velocity to weaken one of the couplings between the density and the velocity. In particular, our result is the first in which we obtain uniqueness without imposing hypothesis on the gradient of the density.展开更多
It is known that the one-dimensional nonlinear heat equation ut ： f（u）x1x1, f＇（u） 〉 0, u（±∞, t） ： u, u＋ ≠ u- has a unique self-similar solution u（x1/√1＋t）. In multi-dimensional space, （x1/√1＋t...It is known that the one-dimensional nonlinear heat equation ut ： f（u）x1x1, f＇（u） 〉 0, u（±∞, t） ： u, u＋ ≠ u- has a unique self-similar solution u（x1/√1＋t）. In multi-dimensional space, （x1/√1＋t） is called a planar diffusion wave. In the first part of the present paper, it is shown that under some smallness conditions, such a planar diffusion wave is nonlinearly stable for the nonlinear heat equation： ut -△f（u） = 0, x ∈ R^n. The optimal time decay rate is obtained. In the second part of this paper, it is further shown that this planar diffusion wave is still nonlinearly stable for the quasilinear wave equation with damping： utt ＋ ut - △f（u） = 0, x ∈ R^n. The time decay rate is also obtained. The proofs are given by an elementary energy method.展开更多
For the focusing mass-critical NLS iu, ＋ △u = --｜u｜u, it is conjectured that the only global nonscattering solution with ground state mass must be a solitary wave up to symmetries of the equation. In this paper, w...For the focusing mass-critical NLS iu, ＋ △u = --｜u｜u, it is conjectured that the only global nonscattering solution with ground state mass must be a solitary wave up to symmetries of the equation. In this paper, we settle the conjecture for H1 initial data in dimensions d = 2, 3 with spherical symmetry and d ≥ 4 with certain splitting-spherically symmetric initial data.展开更多
We present the formal derivation of a new unidirectional model for unsteady mixed flows in nonuniform closed water pipes. In the case of free surface incompressible flows, the FS-model is formally obtained, using form...We present the formal derivation of a new unidirectional model for unsteady mixed flows in nonuniform closed water pipes. In the case of free surface incompressible flows, the FS-model is formally obtained, using formal asymptotic analysis, which is an extension to more classical shallow water models. In the same way, when the pipe is full, we propose the P-model, which describes the evolution of a compressible inviscid flow, close to gas dynamics equations in a nozzle. In order to cope with the transition between a free surface state and a pressured （i.e., compressible） state, we propose a mixed model, the PFS-model, taking into account changes of section and slope variation.展开更多
The H@braud-Lequeux model is a model describing the flow of soft glassy material in a simple shear flow configuration. It is given by a kinetic/Fokker-Planck-type equation whose coefficients depend on the shear rate o...The H@braud-Lequeux model is a model describing the flow of soft glassy material in a simple shear flow configuration. It is given by a kinetic/Fokker-Planck-type equation whose coefficients depend on the shear rate of the experiment. In this paper we want to study what happens to the stationary solutions of this model when the shear rate is asymptotically large. In order to do that, we expand the solution of the equation using singular perturbation tools. In the end, we rigorously prove the estimate of Hebraud and Lequeux that the material asymptotically behaves as a Newtonian fluid.展开更多
文摘The aim of this research is to study the impact of auditor reputation and audit opinion on earnings management in French banks. This article used a sample of 162 French banks over the period from 2005 to 2012. By using three different tests （loss-avoidance, just-meeting-or-beating prior year＇s earnings, and abnormal loan loss provision）, the findings of this paper show that both high auditor reputation and qualified audit opinion constrain earnings management to avoid loss or to just meet or beat prior year＇s earnings in banks. In separate tests related to earnings management through abnormal loan loss provisions, the paper also finds that high auditor reputation constrains earnings management. Qualified audit opinion has a negative but non-significant effect on abnormal loan loss provisions.
文摘The leaders of the Meiji Restoration believed in their master, Yoshida Shoin （吉田松陰）, who claimed that in order for the islands of Japan not to be a colony of the powerful Western states, Japan had to conquer nearby countries. This led to Japan’s invasion of the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria, which ultimately led to the Manchurian Incident of 1931, the Sino-Japanese War, and the Pacific War. Surprisingly, the subject and the timing of each and every one of these acts of war were in the same order of Yoshida Shoin’s proposal on preoccupancy. The Sino-Japanese war of 1894 was romanticized as clearing the barbaric culture by civilization, and the Russo-Japanese war of 1904 was romanticized as the realization of Eastern Peace. However, Japanese policies of aggressions were first deemed illegal by international law during the 1931 Manchurian Incident by the investigations of the League of Nations. The Japanese Empire received the recommendation by the League of Nations to restore to original state, but declined and exited from the League of Nations. Following their exit, they started the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War and eventually lost in 1945. The goal of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 was to punish Japan’s aggressions. However, as the Cold War between the East and the West started to arise in 1948, the punishment was eased, and their punishment for the aggressions on the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and Korea was nearly unasked for. This paper examines the issues of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in the views of the international law of the League of Nations, established by Manley O. Hudson of Harvard University and others in U.S. academia and judiciary.
文摘In this paper, a novel method that integrates the improved empirical mode decomposition （EMD） and signal energy algorithm is proposed to estimate the dominant oscillation parameters and corresponding mode shape. Firstly, the EMD with symmetrical extrema extension （SEE） is utilized to decompose the measured data from wide area measurement system （WAMS） into a finite set of intrinsic mode functions （1MFs）. Then, the signal energy algorithm is used to calculate the approximate oscillation parameters of the IMFs. The nodes involved the dominant oscillation mode are classified based on the calculated frequency and reasonable threshold. Furthermore, for the dominant oscillation mode, the IMF with maximum mean amplitude is defined as the reference. Next, the relative phases （RPs） between the reference IMF and other 1MFs are calculated in order to identify the negative and positive oscillation groups. According to the values of RPs, the coherent group and corresponding node contribution factor （NCF） can be identified, and the dominant approximate mode shape （AMS） can also be determined. The efficiency of the proposed approach is tested by applying it to synthetic signal and measured data from the simulation model.
文摘The development of foils for racing boats has changed the strategy of sailing. Recently, the America＇s cup held in San Francisco, has been the theatre of a tragicomic history due to the foils. During the last round, the New-Zealand boat was winning by 8 to 1 against the defender USA. The winner is the first with 9 victories. USA team understood suddenly （may be） how to use the control of the pitching of the inain foils by adjusting the rake in order to stabilize the ship. And USA won by 9 victories against 8 to the challenger NZ. The goal in this paper is to point out few aspects which could be taken into account in order to improve this mysterious control law which is known as the key of the victory of the USA team. There are certainly many reasons and in particular the cleverness of the sailors and of all the engineering team behind this project. But it appears interesting to have a mathematical discussion, even if it is a partial one, on the mechanical behaviour of these extraordinary sailing boats. The nunlerical exanlples given here are not the true ones. They have just been invented in order to explain the theoretical developments concerning three points： The possibility of tacking on the foils for sailing upwind, the nature of foiling instabilities, if there are, when the boat is flying and the control laws.
文摘Fourier analysis methods and in particular techniques based on Littlewood-Paley decomposition and paraproduct have known a growing interest recently for the study of nonlinear evolutionary equations. In this survey paper, we explain how these methods may be implemented so as to study the compresible Navier-Stokes equations in the whole space. We shall investigate both the initial value problem in critical Besov spaces and the low Mach number asymptotics.
基金Acknowledgements We are very grateful to the referee＇s suggestions and comments on the improvement of the paper. Part of this work was done when we were visiting Morningside Center of Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in the summer of 2010. We appreciate the hospitality and the financial support from the center. P. Zhang is partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 10421101 and 10931007）, and the innovation grant from the Chinese Academy of Sciences （Grant No. GJHZ200829）. T. Zhang is partially supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 10871175, 10931007 and 10901137）, and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. Z6100217）.
文摘In this paper, we shall prove that the Koch-Tataru solution u to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in Rd satisfies the decay estimates involving some borderline Besov norms with d ≥ 3. Moreover, u has a unique trajectory which is HSlder continuous with respect to the space variables.
文摘This article contextualises the debate in Chinese legal scholarship on qingli and fali in their historical backgrounds by tracing the roots, themes, and variations in the dialogue. The earliest record of the debate between Legalism and Confucianism serves as the ground for us to examine the necessity of morality in the practice of law, while the introduction of Confucian ideals into law since the Han dynasty opened up the process of coalescing morality with law in imperial China. Through the case study of xiao （filial piety ）, the article argues that the Confucianisation of law took a long time to complete.
文摘This paper is dedicated to the study of viscous compressible barotropic fluids in dimension N ≥ 2. We address the question of well-posedness for large data having critical Besov regularity. Our result improves N the analysis of Danchin and of the author inasmuch as we may take initial density in BN/p p,1 with 1 ≤ p 〈 ＋∞. Our result relies on a new a priori estimate for the velocity, where we introduce a new unknown called effective velocity to weaken one of the couplings between the density and the velocity. In particular, our result is the first in which we obtain uniqueness without imposing hypothesis on the gradient of the density.
基金Acknowledgements He＇s research is supported in part by National Basic Research Program of China （Grant No. 2006CB805902）. Huang＇ research is supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Youth Scholar （Grant No. 10825102）, NSFC-NSAF （Grant No. 10676037） and National Basic Research Program of China （Grant No. 2006CB805902）.
文摘It is known that the one-dimensional nonlinear heat equation ut ： f（u）x1x1, f＇（u） 〉 0, u（±∞, t） ： u, u＋ ≠ u- has a unique self-similar solution u（x1/√1＋t）. In multi-dimensional space, （x1/√1＋t） is called a planar diffusion wave. In the first part of the present paper, it is shown that under some smallness conditions, such a planar diffusion wave is nonlinearly stable for the nonlinear heat equation： ut -△f（u） = 0, x ∈ R^n. The optimal time decay rate is obtained. In the second part of this paper, it is further shown that this planar diffusion wave is still nonlinearly stable for the quasilinear wave equation with damping： utt ＋ ut - △f（u） = 0, x ∈ R^n. The time decay rate is also obtained. The proofs are given by an elementary energy method.
基金Acknowledgements The first author is supported in part by National Science Foundation （Grant No. 0908032） and a start up fund in UBC. The second author is supported by an Alfred P. Sloan fellowship.
文摘For the focusing mass-critical NLS iu, ＋ △u = --｜u｜u, it is conjectured that the only global nonscattering solution with ground state mass must be a solitary wave up to symmetries of the equation. In this paper, we settle the conjecture for H1 initial data in dimensions d = 2, 3 with spherical symmetry and d ≥ 4 with certain splitting-spherically symmetric initial data.
文摘We present the formal derivation of a new unidirectional model for unsteady mixed flows in nonuniform closed water pipes. In the case of free surface incompressible flows, the FS-model is formally obtained, using formal asymptotic analysis, which is an extension to more classical shallow water models. In the same way, when the pipe is full, we propose the P-model, which describes the evolution of a compressible inviscid flow, close to gas dynamics equations in a nozzle. In order to cope with the transition between a free surface state and a pressured （i.e., compressible） state, we propose a mixed model, the PFS-model, taking into account changes of section and slope variation.
文摘The H@braud-Lequeux model is a model describing the flow of soft glassy material in a simple shear flow configuration. It is given by a kinetic/Fokker-Planck-type equation whose coefficients depend on the shear rate of the experiment. In this paper we want to study what happens to the stationary solutions of this model when the shear rate is asymptotically large. In order to do that, we expand the solution of the equation using singular perturbation tools. In the end, we rigorously prove the estimate of Hebraud and Lequeux that the material asymptotically behaves as a Newtonian fluid.
