“明显不当”情形认定中的“相关因素”标准

《行政诉讼法》第70条新增“明显不当”作为行政行为的违法情形,“相关因素”标准则是认定“明显不当”情形的标准之一。相关既有研究粗疏列举多种标准,缺乏对“相关因素”标准的精细化研究。“相关因素”标准在结构分为法定因素与法外因素,法定因素又可分为“应当”考虑的法定因素与“可以”考虑的法定因素,法外因素是与行政行为具有逻辑相关性的其他因素。在不同种类因素的考量上,行政机关具有程度不一的裁量空间,受到不同强度的司法审查。法院以法定因素与法外因素为支点,运用“相关因素”标准审查行政行为的合法性,所有收效,但对于以“综合”方式考虑相关因素权重的行政裁量,难以作出有效的司法审查,或可在分析法定因素与法外因素区别的基础上,作出一定的尝试。

我国体育赛事博彩业所涉及的赛事结果博弈的直接影响因素分析

随着规模的扩大、管理的完善,体育比赛参与因素越来越多,这其中既有赛事的直接参与者,如运动员、裁判员,又有赛事的间接参与者,如赞助商。任何一个细节的变化都可能影响比赛的最终结果,而体育博彩业所涉及的赛事更具特殊性,利益不同导致一些非正常因素干扰、操纵比赛结果。根据各个因素参与方式的不同,将体育赛事博彩业所涉及的赛事结果博弈的参与因素分为直接因素、间接因素和非法定因素,逐个分析各因素对赛事结果的非正常影响。

无证填海行政处罚自由裁量权影响因素探讨

2002年《海域法》颁布实施以来,国家加大海域使用执法力度,查处了一批违法用海案件,以无证填海案居多。由于法律条款的原则性,无证填海案在处罚上存在较大的自由裁量空间。文章从论述无证填海的危害性出发,以相关法规为依据,归纳和整理了影响无证填海行政处罚自由裁量权的各种因素,并对其作用进行分析探讨。

精神损害赔偿适用原则和量化标准探析

精神损害行为法采取的是“限制财产责任方式适用”制度 ,目前这一制度在理论和司法实践中还存在着弊端和负面作用。因而 ,必须尽快完善我国的精神损害行为法。精神损害行为法应该以拟制的等价赔偿、综合衡量、赔偿数额最高限制、法院的自由裁量权为原则 ,并结合法定、酌定及其他各种因素将赔偿范围和赔偿数额的标准予以量化。

浅论人身伤害的精神损害赔偿

人身伤害不仅给受害人带来肉体上的痛苦，而且会给受害人带来巨大的精神损害。如果仅给侵权行为人以制裁或处罚，受害人未能得到财产上的补偿，其精神慰藉是抽象的，非实质意义的，违背了民事立法对人身权予以全面保护的本意。人身伤害的精神损害赔偿标准可实行有限制的法官自由裁量，给予受害人公平。

TWO-DIMENSIONAL STOCHASTIC AIRFOIL OPTIMIZATION DESIGN METHOD BASED ON NEURAL NETWORKS

To avoid the aerodynamic performance loss of airfoil at non-design state which often appears in single point design optimization, and to improve the adaptability to the uncertain factors in actual flight environment, a two-dimensional stochastic airfoil optimization design method based on neural networks is presented. To provide highly efficient and credible analysis, four BP neural networks are built as surrogate models to predict the airfoil aerodynamic coefficients and geometry parameter. These networks are combined with the probability density function obeying normal distribution and the genetic algorithm, thus forming an optimization design method. Using the method, for GA（W）-2 airfoil, a stochastic optimization is implemented in a two-dimensional flight area about Mach number and angle of attack. Compared with original airfoil and single point optimization design airfoil, results show that the two-dimensional stochastic method can improve the performance in a specific flight area, and increase the airfoil adaptability to the stochastic changes of multiple flight parameters.

Slope stability analysis considering joined influences of nonlinearity and dilation

The soil masses of slopes were assumed to follow a nonlinear failure criterion and a nonassociated flow rule.The stability factors of slopes were calculated using vertical slice method based on limit analysis.The potential sliding mass was divided into a series of vertical slices as well as the traditional slice technique.Equating the external work rate to the internal energy dissipation,the optimum solutions to stability factors were determined by the nonlinear programming algorithm.From the numerical results,it is found that the present solutions agree well with previous results when the nonlinear criterion reduces to the linear criterion,and the nonassociated flow rule reduces to the associated flow rule.The stability factors decrease by 39.7%with nonlinear parameter varying from 1.0 to 3.0.Dilation and nonlinearity have significant effects on the slope stability factors.

Use of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Methods for the Study of Physiological Condition and Resistance against Abiotic Factors of Grapevine

The purpose of this study was to explore influence of abiotic factors, such as high temperature, water deficiency and high solar radiation on the photomembrane of grapevine leaves. Grapevine leaves were collected from variety Rkatsiteli （Vitis vinifera） and placed at a temperature of ＋45 ℃ and ＋55 ℃ for 5 rain, respectively. The relative volume of water in leaves was gradually reduced to 50%, and then leaves were irradiated with 6,000 pmol/m2.s of white light. Changes provoked by stressful abiotie factors were determined using rapid and delayed chlorophyll fluorescence methods. It was shown that value of variable component of chlorophyll fluorescence （Fv）, intensity of electron transport between the photosystems （ETR）, intensity of expended electrons in carboxylation （ETRn） and oxygenation （ETRp） and index of non-photochemical quenching （NPQ）, allow studying molecular mechanisms of the impact of abiotic factors and the resulting damage degree. Based on delayed and rapid fluorescence data, it was demonstrated that temperature of ＋45 ℃ adversely affects oxygen production system and CO2 assimilation mechanisms, while at ＋55 ℃, the ETR decreases. Reduction of relative water volume in leaves up to 50%-55% leads to sharp reduction in ETR and inhibition of photosynthesis. In case of irradiation of leaves with high-intensity light of 6,000 μmol/m2.s, NPQ of light falling on a leaf increases, thus protecting photosynthesis apparatus from damage.

如何解释行业内企业的实际税率差异——基于税法法定与地方自由裁量视角的验证

我国同行业企业间实际税率普遍存在差异,哪些因素导致了差异的产生?厘清其背后的制度成因对于推进我国财税体制改革尤为重要。文章基于我国税收征管流程,构建了一个涉及征管全环节的理论框架,指出企业的实际税率差异主要来源于税法法定与地方自由裁量两类因素,并进一步对我国A股制造业上市公司的实际税率差异来源进行分析,研究发现:(1)税法法定因素与地方自由裁量因素是产生实际税率差异的主要原因,且前者的贡献度远高于后者;(2)从时序维度看,税法法定因素对于实际税率差异的贡献度一直维持在较高水平小幅波动,而地方自由裁量因素的贡献度则呈现出显著的下降趋势;(3)对不同地区而言,两类因素对实际税率差异的贡献度存在显著的异质性,其中税法法定因素的贡献度在东部和西部地区最高,而地方自由裁量因素的贡献度在东北地区最高。基于上述分解结果,文章最终构建了税收法治化程度指标(税法法定因素贡献度/地方自由裁量因素贡献度),其动态趋势反映出2007年至2019年我国税收法治化建设取得了显著成效。文章的结论与发现对于我国进一步贯彻落实税收法定原则、规范企业税收征管工作具有启示意义。

Factors Influencing Farmland Abandonment at the Village Scale:Qualitative Comparative Analysis(QCA)

As a global issue,farmland abandonment is considered to be one of the most crucial fields in the study of land use change.The clarification of its driving factors plays a vital role in improving the efficiency of rural cultivated land use and ensuring national food security.This paper aims to study the factors influencing farmland abandonment in 49 villages of Ganzhou City by adopting the Qualitative Comparative Analysis(QCA).The results show that:(1)Farmland abandonment is the outcome of synergism among many factors,among which the low–level of agricultural mechanization is definitely a necessary condition in Ganzhou,and it contributes a material effect to the abandonment.(2)The path leading to farmland abandonment is not unique to the study area,and can be attributed to five different combinations.These combinations can be enumerated as:A1(a combination of convenient transportation,complete agricultural facilities,low-level agricultural mechanization,low-level land circulation,and no industrial policy support),A2(a combination of complete agricultural facilities,low-level agricultural mechanization,low-level land circulation,sufficient agricultural labor,and no industrial policy support),A3(a combination of convenient transportation,complete agricultural facilities,low-level agricultural mechanization,sufficient agricultural labor,and no industrial policy support),A4(a combination of convenient transportation,low-level agricultural mechanization,low-level land circulation,sufficient agricultural labor,and industrial policy support),and A5(a combination of inconvenient transportation,complete agricultural facilities,low-level agricultural mechanization,high-level land circulation,sufficient agricultural labor,and industrial policy support).(3)In the above-mentioned combinations,the core conditions and peripheral conditions conjointly impact on farmland abandonment.Finally,corresponding policy implications are proposed in order to further reveal the mechanism of farmland abandonment.These recommendations provide new ideas and methods for policy makers to use in making decisions and will promote the effective use of farmland.

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Myroides sp.

Bacteria of the genus Myroides （Myroides spp.） are rare opportunistic pathogens. Myroides sp. infections have been reported mainly in China. Myroides sp. is highly resistant to most available antibiotics, but the resistance mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Current strain identification methods based on biochemical traits are unable to identify strains accurately at the species level. While 16S ribosomal RNA （rRNA） gene sequencing can accurately achieve this, it fails to give information on the status and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, because the 16S rRNA sequence contains no information on resistance genes, resistance islands or enzymes. We hypothesized that ob- taining the whole genome sequence of Myroides sp., using next generation sequencing methods, would help to clarify the mechanisms of pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance, and guide antibiotic selection to treat Myroides sp. infec- tions. As Myroides sp. can survive in hospitals and the environment, there is a risk of nosocomial infections and pandemics. For better management of Myroides sp. infections, it is imperative to apply next generation sequencing technologies to clarify the antibiotic resistance mechanisms in these bacteria.

Dirac Quasinormal Modes of Static f(R) de Sitter Black Holes

Quasinormal modes （QNMs） for Dirac perturbations off（R） black holes （BHs） are described in this paper, involving two types of f（R） solution： f（R） （Sehwarzschild） BHs and f（R） （Maxwell） BHs. With the finite difference method, the stability of the f（R） black holes （BHs） is analysed and the threshold range off（R） （Schwarzschild） BHs and f（R） （Maxwell） BHs is defined respectively. The results show that due to the presence of the correction factor Ro, the damping rate of Dirac field decreases. Meanwhile, the influence of angular quantum number values [k] on the f（R） BHs is investigated. The results indicate that the QNMs oscillation becomes tenser and damping speed slowly decreases with ]k[ increasing. Furthermore, under the Dirac perturbation, the stability off（R） solutions can be reflected in the manner of Dirac QNMs. The relationships between the QNMs and the parameters （]k], charge Q and mass m） are discussed in massless, and massive cases, by contrast to the classical BHs.