美国《2019罗琴科夫反兴奋剂法》的规范分析、法理批判及应对策略

《2019罗琴科夫反兴奋剂法》的通过,标志着美国在反兴奋剂领域中长臂管辖策略的确立,据此其可以在有本国运动员、转播商或赞助商参与的域外国际体育赛事中对他国涉嫌兴奋剂欺诈的人员进行刑事制裁。然而,由于该法存在违反罪刑法定原则、超越刑法空间效力、不当中止追诉时效、区别对待适用对象等诸多问题,将给WADA和包括我国在内的世界各国的反兴奋剂工作带来巨大冲击。因此,为消除该法对我国体育事业发展的负面影响,斩断其在反兴奋剂领域中的长臂霸权,我国应当在详细分析其规范内容的基础上积极应对。为此,不仅要建构反兴奋剂的合规制度,采取法律方面的反制措施,还要合理利用政治和外交手段,积极拓展反兴奋剂的双边合作,在不断提升我国反兴奋剂国际话语权的情况下,协助各方做好应对预案。

批判法理学在中国的兴起

批判法理学的迅速崛起是21世纪中国法理学的一个重要特征。於兴中、冯象和强世功是中国批判法理学思潮的发动者和推动者。於兴中运用文明秩序理论批判一元的法律文明秩序和国家法制主义,并提出社会理论与法之研究的种种面相。冯象则从宗教和伦理的角度对中国的政法体制和法治意识形态做出了鞭辟入里的分析和批判。强世功将新中国形成的法律传统概括为法律的治理化传统,并主张中国的法理学应该迈向立法者的法理学。批判法理学致力于反思和批判中国的法治和法理学传统,力图在批判反思的基础上为中国未来的法治和法理学提出一幅理想的图景。

Jeffery Nicholas, Reason, Tradition and the Good. Maclntyre＇s Tradition Constituted Reason and Frankfurt School Critical Theory （Indiana： University of Notre Dame Press, 2012）

Jeffery Nicholas differentiates between objective reason as a practice of evaluation that provides justification and critique and subjective rationality as a subspecies of reason limited to means-ends forms of reasoning. He believes that modem crisis is a crisis of reason due to the dominant form of reason in modernity, i.e., subjective rationality. Nicholas aspires to develop a substantive form of reason to base a critical theory of society aimed at human emancipation in the spirit of the Frankfurt School. The most interesting part of this effort is that although Nicholas thinks that Habermas＇s theory of procedural and situated communicative rationality is an initial step towards a substantive conception of reason, he recognizes the limitations of formalism in this conception and argues that the requisite terms provides Maclntyre＇s theory of tradition-constituted and tradition-constitutive reason. The mediating figure in this project is Charles Taylor, whose critique, first, is used against Habermas and, then, his Gadamerian idea of the ＂fusion of horizons＂ is adopted in order to expand Maclntyre＇s theory.