外贸函电课程“三合一”教学模式探讨

外贸函电课程不同于普通英语课程,其实践性、针对性、应用性特点突出。结合课程特点、学生的知识基础和各种教学方法的适用性,以语法翻译法为基础,以案例教学为载体,最终通过具体任务的完成实现书写商业信函的目的,即"三合一"教学模式是提高学生外贸信函写作水平、培养对外贸易应用型人才的一种行之有效的教学方法。

Critical analysis on turn-taking organization in English news interview in China

As a special type ofconversation, news interview, its special turn-taking organization founds the basic conversation pattern. This paper tries to explore something hidden behind people turn-taking, i.e., the influence of power, ideology on language use except the cooperation. The researches showed the IR and IE obey the rules of turn-taking system under the Q-A format. In the news interview, the disagreement between interviewees is direct and usually ended by the interviewer with institutional power. And in the process, the influence of the power and ideology on the turn-taking is reflected clearly： The IR with the institutional role, he or she can interrupt or insert their turn-taking to control, direct the talk as intended plan.

Analysis of the figure of speech in Animal farm

George Orwell＇s Animal farm is a satire on human nature. By severe and vivid satiric techniques such as irony, exaggeration, similes and metaphors, Orwell demonstrates that selfishness, lust for power and corruption would lead to the disillusionment of human＇s pursuit of freedom and equality in a classless society.

Translation and Evaluation of Chinese Version of the Inventory of School Motivation

This paper describes the development of a Chinese version of the ISM （Inventory of School Motivation）. Forward and backward translation strategies are used. Further, rigorous evaluation procedures are conducted to compare the form and meaning of the original English version and the back-translated version. The translation procedures ensure that the Chinese version is as equivalent as possible to the English version. Grammatical and syntactical issues with translation will be discussed in the paper.

Understanding and improving online statistical translation method

Companies like Google, MSN and Yahoo provide translation services on their websites, generating translations based on statistical bilingual text corpora. Human translation seems to be inferior in face of huge amount of information and fast development of computer science. Despite the functions and versatility of statistical machine translation, it may never take the place of human effort. Teachers are supposed to guide the students in using online translation system.

Transcendence of traditional melodrama A brief analysis on Lillian Hellman＇s The Little Foxes

Lillian Hellman is a leading figure in 20th century American theatre. Due to the intensity of feeling and the general theme of good vs. evil, her plays are tagged with ＂melodrama＂. However, by examining one of her masterpieces The Little Foxes, it is revealed that Lillian Hellman transcends the confmes of traditional melodrama by combining the complexity of real life into the pretense of representation, thus making her play forcefully believable.

Teaching of English-Chinese translation to non-English-majors

Translation takes an important role in communication, whereas in the English-Chinese translation teaching for non-English-majors in colleges, it is ignored completely due to too much attention to listening, speaking, reading and writing, the paper suggests some feasible approaches to translation teaching and to improving students translation ability by analyzing students＇ mistakes in translation and the conditions of classroom translation teaching.

Prototypical motivation of polysemy

This paper applies prototype theory to explain the motivation of polysemy. There are mainly 3 types of meaning model of polysemy, namely, radiation, concatenation and integrated model. According to prototype theory, in the semantic category formed by a polysemic word, category members are determined by prototype. They are the result of development from prototype to boundary. Connected by a network of overlapping similarities （i.e., family resemblances）, category members present different degrees of prototypicality, but not all of them can represent the category. Only the prototype can fully embody the category. With the extension of the semantic category, the boundary of the category is fuzzy and begins to intersect another semantic category.

Context clues and contextual guessing

This study intends to explore the effects of context clues in contextual guessing among 60 first-year non-English majors by using two guessing tests as the research instrument. According to the quantitative analysis of the statistics processed by SPSS （14.0）, it is revealed that （1） context clues affect the outcome of contextual guessing significantly, and （2） English proficiency level plays a significant role in contextual guessing as well. On the basis of the major findings in this research, several pedagogical implications are drawn for college English teachers and students： （1） College English teachers should keep the students better informed of the significance and specific functions of context clues in contextual guessing; （2） College English teachers should encourage the students to guess word meanings from context instead of inhibiting it when there are adequate context clues offered.

Semantic coherence in the translation of fiction

From the perspective of textual analysis, this paper centers on the configuration of semantic coherence and its implications for translation. In the book Cohesion in English, we know that the semantic coherence can be achieved by cohesive device. Yet in this paper how to deal with the coherent discourse which didn＇t have cohesive device is emphasized.

The study of English perfective aspect

Through this research, on the basis of English-Chinese and Chinese-English parallel corpora, the following conclusion tries to be drawn： In English, the perfect may not be used together with the specific time of the past situation. In contrast to English, Chinese does not have perfect constructions. English perfective aspect is an actual aspect indication： duration and completion of an action or situation. According to different reference time, the actual aspect can be divided into past actuality, present actuality and future actuality. This paper will undoubtedly contribute to the study of tense-aspect in Chinese. The study of English perfective aspect is conducive to the comparative study and translation of aspect in English and Chinese.

Inspiration thinking and translation

Inspiration thinking is of significance for translation. It can break through the ＂bottleneck＂ in translation as well as enhance translation quality. In order to invite inspiration in translation, the translator should participate assiduously translation practice, accumulate broad knowledge, pursue perseveringly perfect translation, and increase frequency of inspiration trigger.

A stylistic and contrastive analysis of Chinese and English legal document

The demands placed on the legal document writers and translators （Chinese, English） in creating and organizing faithful legal documents are well-recognized in recent years. In order to achieve a satisfactory result, the legal document writers must be fully aware of the prominent characteristics of the legal documents and the translators are compelled to have a good command of the complexities of the stylistic features of the two different legal documents in contrast. This paper analyses five Chinese legal documents and two English legal documents, following a framework synthesized from contrastive and stylistic analysis. Eight findings are discovered from the analysis concerning lexical, grammatical and textual features of the legal language, attempting to provide an opportunity for the legal document writers and translators to gain further insight into the contrastive features between Chinese and English legal languages as well as their respective stylistic features.

The constructivist educational effectiveness of TM-aided specialized translation

This article evaluated the constructivist pedagogical effectiveness of a TM-aided specialized translation project tested on 16 undergraduates at a technological university using student reflections and the questionnaire for qualitative analysis. The results showed that TMs-students-instructor interaction facilitated the learning of specialized translation strategies, meeting the constructivist educational principle of ＂interaction＂. In addition, students effectively constructed new translation knowledge through the negotiation of the differences between student and professional translators＇ translations, concurring with the constructivist educational principle of ＂conflict resolution＂. Finally, students successfully learned technical skills of the Trados tool through hands-on practice, and cognitively acquired specialized translation knowledge through reflections writing and oral presentations, fitting the constructivist educational principle of ＂active participation＂. Overall, most students＇ positive responses justified the constructive educational effectiveness of TM-aided specialized translation through TMs consultation, peer help and the instructor support in the self-paced and student-centered learning environment.

Chinese-English translation of banners for conventions and exhibitions： A skopos perspective

As China＇s convention and exhibition industry strides forward to internationalization, Chinese-English translation of banners for conventions and exhibitions is more frequent than ever before. Based on Vermeer＇s skopos theory, the core theory of functionalist approaches, the paper analyzes authentic examples and highlights the techniques of translation for this type. With representative examples, the paper illustrates the necessity of adopting skopos theory in Chinese-English translation of banners for conventions and exhibitions.

Analysis of conversational implicatures in sentences and text

Grice＇s conversational implicatures have aroused far more attention in linguistics than have his conventional implicatures. The basic idea is that language-activity, most typically, is a kind of rational （and purposive） social interaction governed by the principle of co-operation. In what may now be regarded as his classic formulation of this principle, Grice recognized several kinds of co-operation which he grounded under the headings of quantity, quality, relation and manner. Each of these comprises a set of one or more subprinciples, formulated by Grice as prescriptive maxim, which participants normally obey, but may on occasion flout or violate. Those were analyzed and given examples in sentences and text in this paper.

Skopos theory and translating strategies of cultural elements in tourism texts

Tourism texts （shortened as TT） have become a principal means of promoting tourism in China. Cultural elements are abundant in those texts. Therefore, the proper understanding and rendering of such messages is the key to the quality of TT translation. Based on Skopos theory the paper focuses on the translating strategies of TT cultural elements.

Preliminary Research on the Mathematical Methods and Order of Problems in the“Fungcheng”Chapter of Yang Hui's Mathematical Methods(1261 CE)

Yang Hui was one of the most important authors of mathematical works during the thirteenth century.Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters(Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa詳解九章算法,1261 CE)is the earliest extant work attributed to Yang Hui.From the thirteenth to the fifteenth century,this work played a crucial role in the circulation and popularization of The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures(Jiuzhang suanshu九章算术).However,the only surviving printed edition of Mathematical Methods is incomplete and contains many mistakes obstructing contemporary researchers'understanding of this work.The "Fangcheng" chapter of The Nine Chapters deals with problems related to solving what today are known as simultaneous sets of linear equations.However,interpreting the text in this chapter of Mathematical Methods and recovering the mathematical practices relating to fangcheng are difficult.Through detailed textual and mathematical analyses,the author of this paper explains Yang Hufs understanding and practice relating to〃the fangcheng method"and"the method of the positive and the negative".This paper includes an appendix that provides a detailed translation of the ambiguous text relating to"the method of the positive and the negative"and gives reasons supporting the interpretation provided here.Yang Hufs understanding of the concepts of"positive"and"negative"and his practice relating to these two concepts may easily be confused with their apparent counterparts in modem mathematics.Also,careful analysis of the mathematical methods in this work reveal that the order of problems in Yang Hufs Reclassifications of Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters([Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa zuanlei詳解九章算法纂類],namely,the last section of Mathematical Methods)were rearranged according to commentaries to specific methods that appear in Mathematical Methods.Some textual clues referring to the zzprevious question"(qianwen前問)in certain commentaries of Mathematical Methods indeed reflect the order of problems in Reclassifications.Yang Hui made especially detailed commentaries on the problems that he arranged in a sequence that differs with respect to the original order of problems as they appear in the ancient classic work,The Nine Chapters.All these discoveries reveal and serve to prove a close relationship between Yang Hufs Mathematical Methods and his Reclassifications.

Problems in Chinese Teachers＇ Instructional Discourse --From the Perspective of Authenticity

In the English language classroom, authenticity is a basic discoursal feature of teachers＇ instructional discourse. Without authenticity, there will be a mismatch between what students learn in the classroom and what they use in real life. However, the notion of authenticity varies with the change between the natural mode and pedagogic mode in the classroom. Therefore, based on this assumption, retrieving and analyzing data from the corpus and classroom videos, the present paper identifies two categories of problems in Chinese teachers＇ instructional discourse. Sample extracts are discussed and predictions are made on how teachers＇ failure to produce authentic discourse may result in ineffective teaching and learning.

Teacher-Retraining Course Design Renewal

Teacher-retraining course design is considered to be a challenge not only to the course participants but to the course designers as well, especially, when the participants enrolled turn out to have dramatically different professional background and conditions. This article supports the idea that changes to the course design should be made straightaway in response to the trainees＇ specific needs. The context for rural school teacher retraining at Novosibirsk State Technical University in Russia illustrates reasons for making immediate changes necessary as the course progressed, and reaction to them. The article discusses a model for a teacher retraining course in which EFL improvement is the core element.