The Descriptivist vs. Anti-descriptivist Semantics Debate between Syntax and Semantics

In this paper, I will focus on the debate between descriptivism and anti-descriptivism theory about proper names. In the introduction, l will propose an historical reconstruction of the debate, and focus in particular on Russell and Kripke＇s treatments of proper names. Strong criticisms will be advanced against Kripke＇s hypothesis of rigid-designator and, more deafly, against the consequent distinction between the epistemic and metaphysical level that Kripke proposes to explain identity assertions between proper names. Furthermore, I will argue, that, pace Kripke, Russellian treatment of proper names allows to capture all our semantic intuitions, and also those semantic interpretations which concern context-belief sentences. I will close the introduction by focusing on a criticism that Kripke rightly points out against an example that Russell proposes in his On Denoting. Section 2 will be devoted to Russellian solution： I will show that not only Russell＇s logical treatment of proper names allows to answer to Kripke＇s criticism to Russell＇s example, but also that such treatment can disambiguate and express all our semantic intuitions about Frege＇s puzzle sentence ＂Hesperus is Phosphorus.＂ ! will then show that, contrarily, Quinian solution （discussed in section 3） and Kripkian one （see section 4） are not satisfactory to capture our semantic knowledge about Frege＇s sentence. Furthermore, in section 5, I will focus on Kripke＇s distinction between epistemic and metaphysical level to deal with identity assertions between proper names, and I will logically show that such distinction is not plausible. In section 5, then, I will show that Russellian solution allows to explain context-belief sentences, contrarily to what Kripke thinks. In Conclusions, I will summarize what 1 have argued in the text.

The Environmental Democracy under Political Siege in Turkey

On June 24th, 2018, President Tayyip Erdogan, along with his pro-Islamic party, the Justice and Development Pazty, AKP, won the general election in Turkey, which will enable Mr. Erdogan to be a one-man ruler of the Republic of Turkey in the foreseeable future. Now, invested with infinite executive-presidential power, coupled with having complete control of the military, cabinet, judiciary and legislative branches, enables Mr. Erdogan to pursue his ambition to be a “nuclea3： power leader” in the Sunni Islamic world. The scientific denialism in general and environmental science, in particular, will reach a whole new level of insanity in Turkey where any conceivable environmental democracy will be abolished. The new government will further change the education establishment in every level and implement its anti-science political doctrines in which logic is an enemy and scientific truth is a menace. The last fifteen years of experience show that the AKP＇s politicians have become anti-science zealots who preach a dangerously new political cultism that is devoid of actual facts, if it does not fit their religious aberration narrative, Thus, virtually every aspect of the nuclear power program in Turkey will be a state secret under the control of one religiously motivated and driven ruler and this, should certainly sound alarm bells across the globe.

The Internal Logic Between the Inclusive Financial System Development and Poverty Reduction

This paper introduces the origin of Inclusive Financial System, summarizes the basic theories and views on inclusive financial system development and poverty reduction from experts and scholars at home and abroad. The paper establishes a theoretical analysis framework which impacts poor family income gap by using exponential smoothing method. The government should improve the credit market in poverty- stricken area by the way of macro-management to establish inclusive financial system, to overcome the difficulty of poor farmers＇ credit, to make more poor families to obtain credit opportunities.

Specifications of learner needs for the course Public speaking

Setting clear goals for oral English courses is especially important for EFL instruction, and these goals should be derived from learner needs. This paper identifies specific needs of college students who take the course Public speaking. The results show that EFL learners need to improve their public speaking strategies in the areas of logic, accuracy, fluency, environment for practice, and eloquence.

Informal Logic： Between Logic and Epistemology

Nowadays researchers working in various fields study the issues of argument. They represent different approaches which distinguish with theoretical and practical comprehension of argument problems. Informal study of argument is one of the approaches. The key reason of its appearance was the criticism of formal logic in the late 20th century. Researchers consider the argument from the different point of view. Formal dialectics and pragma-dialectics were based on dialectics. Contemporary rhetorical theories of argument were created on the rhetorical grounds; theory of speech acts on the basis of practical philosophy etc.. This paper is devoted to some theoretical problems of informal logic which was formed on the logic background in the late 70＇s. In spite of numerous papers, books, and text-books on informal logic published over the last thirty years, logicians has not achieved consensus so far on many issues. Among the numerous problems are： what is the subject matter of informal logic？ Does informal logic belong to the realm of logic？ Is it applied epistemology？ What is a real argument？ And what are the criteria for evaluating of such arguments？

Using Multiple Intelligences Approach in Designing Classroom Activities

In 1983, Horward Gardner, a professor of education at Harvard Universiy introduced the theory of Multiple Intelligence. This theory states that people have a unique blend of capabilities and skills （intelligences）. In the classroom context, it implies that students possess different kinds of minds and therefore learn, remember, perform, and understand in different ways. Based on the theory, Gardner challenged the previous practices that gauged intelligence using IQ test which focused more on the ability to use language and/or logic. According to him, the measurement of people＇s intelligence should not be limited to linguistic and logical-mathematical abilities only, but should also cover other abilities. In addition to language and logic, Gardner proposed six other intelligences, which in the past were known as aptitudes or interests, namely： Visual-Spatial Intelligence, Musical Intelligence, Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence, Intrapersonal Intelligence, Interpersonal Intelligence, and Naturalist Intelligence. As an English teacher, we often have to deal with the fact that our classes consist of students who posses different intelligences. To help the students reach their maximum learning potential, teacher needs to respect students＇ uniqueness and accommodate the variety of intelligences. This can be done by applying multiple intelligences approach in designing classroom activities.

Discussion on incentives of Physical Education Teaching Methods

The use of literature, logical reasoning and other research methods are used in this thesis, classification and analysis of the definition of incentive methods, motivation methods are also stated in this paper, and this article also combine with students＇ psychological characteristics, different teaching content, teaching methods together, discussed how to stimulate students＇ interest in sports and mobilize students＇ enthusiasm, initiative by motivation methods in the sports teaching, thus promoting teaching effectiveness, improve teaching quality, provide some theoretical reference for improving the quality of teaching physical education. The results showed that： we have already made some researches in the stimulation methods in teaching sports, but few are studied combining with the psychological characteristics of students

所有权定义分析——对两种所有权定义方式之反思

大陆法系所有权有两种定义方式,即“抽象概括式”与“具体列举式”。从法逻辑学意义上讲,以抽象概括方式给出一个科学的所有权定义是可能的,但这样的定义很难作为民法典所有权定义。就所有权概念所负载的价值而言,“抽象概括式”所有权定义更加符合所有权自由之理念。物权法定原则只能适用于抽象的所有权定义,不能适用于具体的所有权定义。我国未来民法典应以抽象概括方式规定所有权内容,不规定所有权定义。